Bones: Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards
1
Q
number 2
A
acromial extremity of clavicle
- flatter end, articulates with acromion of scapula
2
Q
14
A
acromial facet of clavicle
3
Q
12
A
Articular Facet for Sternum
4
Q
1
A
conoid tubercle / coracoid tuberosity
5
Q
inferior view
A
Costal Tuberosity
- inferomedial side of clavicle
- it’s an “Impression for (the) Costoclavicular Ligament” and is sometimes known as such, rather than costal tuberosity
6
Q
number 1
A
sternal extremity of clavicle
- articulates with manubrium
- pyramidal
7
Q
marked by line w blue box
A
Subclavian Groove
- attachment for subclavius muscle on inferior side
8
Q
17
A
trapezoid line
9
Q
A
clavicle
- collar bone, 2 paired
- s-shaped
- articulates with scapula and sternum
know:
- sternal extremity
- acromial extremity
10
Q
which clavicle is this? left or right
A
LEFT
on the superior view looking down, from sternum it arches straight out first and then bends back
11
Q
which clavicle is this? left or right
A
RIGHT
this is a superior view of the right clavicle (since no conoid tubercle is visible)
- flatter acromial end is concave anteriorly, rounder sternal end is convex anteriorly
12
Q
green highlighted posterior, proximal region
A
Intertrochanteric Crest
- posterior ridge from greater to lesser trochanter
13
Q
A
femur
- proximal bone of leg, longest/largest in body, articulates above w/ acetabulum and below w/ tibia
know:
- head
- neck
- greater trochanter
- lesser trochanter
- medial condyle
- lateral condyle
- medial epicondyle
- lateral epicondyle
- line aspera
14
Q
A
adductor tubercle
- an elevation on the medial epicondyle of the femur
15
Q
big red part D
A
anterior surface of femur
16
Q
1
A
Fovea for ligament of Head of Femur
17
Q
B
A
Gluteal Tuberosity
- attachment for gluteus maximus
- often elongated proximally into roughened crest with tubercle known as “third trochanter”
18
Q
A
greater trochanter
- muscle attachment
19
Q
A
head of femur
20
Q
A
Intercondylar Fossa of Femur
21
Q
green circled structure
A
intertrochanteric line
- marks transition from neck to shaft
22
Q
A
lateral condyle of femur
23
Q
A
lateral epicondyle of femur
24
Q
A
lesser trochanter
25
**linea aspera**
## Footnote
- posterior ridge for muscle attachment
- splits proximally into its **medial and lateral lips**
- extends distally into the medial and lateral supracondylar lines
26
medial condyle of femur
- on medial side of articular notch at distal end
27
medial epicondyle of femur
28
neck of femur
29
patellar surface
30
feature marked by red box
**Pectineal Line**
**-** distal coninuation of lesser trochanter
- attachment for pectineus muscle
31
from where (what bone marking) does this tendon originate?
**popliteal groove of femur**
- groove that separates lateral condyle and epicondyle
32
**Popliteal Surface of Femur**
- the "kneepit"
33
**Quadrate Tubercle of Femur**
**-** between trochanters on posterior side
- attachment for quadratus femoris
34
shaft of femur
35
A
Supracondylar Lines of Femur
- one medial, one lateral
- join proximally to form linea aspera
36
trochanteric fossa
37
What is the bone?
What are its surfaces and borders to know?
**fibula**
## Footnote
- lateral bone of lower leg
- thinnest bone proportional to length
**_Lateral and Medial Surfaces_**, separated by **_anterior border**_ (somewhat more lateral and flatter) and _**interosseous border_** (more medial ridge-like border for connection of interosseous membrane).
38
tiny blue highlighted portion at very superior tip of the lateral bone
**apex of fibula**
39
#3
**Articular Facet of Lateral Malleolus**
40
head of fibula
## Footnote
- proximal end of fibula
41
number 5
lateral malleolus
- lateral prominence of ankle
42
blue portion
**neck of fibula**
43
A, M and P
**Anterior, Middle and Posterior Talar Articular Surfaces of the Calcaneus**
- all face superiorly and articulate with talus
44
**Calcaneal Tuberosity**
- faces posteriorly and is the bony portion of the heel
45
25
**cuboid bone**
- articulates w/ "pinky and ring" metatarsals IV and V
46
9
position of **cuneonavicular joint**
47
the anterior portion of the bone indicated by the arrow, which contains articular surfaces for the navicular tarsal
**head of talus**
48
8
**intermediate cuniform bone**
articulates with metatarsal II
49
23
**lateral cuniform bone**
articulates w/ metatarsal III
50
29
**lateral malleolar surface of the talus**
51
7
**medial cuneiform bone**
**-** articulates with metatarsal I
52
10
navicular bone
53
green area
neck of talus
54
phalanges of foot
## Footnote
- 14 each foot (2 for big toe, 3 for others), 28 total
- distal, middle, and proximal
55
15
its overall name and its parts
**posterior talar process**
- has _medial and lateral tubercles_ and a _groove for the tendon of flexor hallucis longus_
56
C
**Sustentaculum Tali** of Calcaneus
- anterosuperior eminence on medial side of calcaneus
57
What is the space between these bones, circled here in red?
**tarsal sinus**
58
What are all these bones individually? And what do they make up as a whole?
**tarsals** (7 each ankle, 14 total)
## Footnote
- make up the **tarsus**
59
**calcaneus**
- largest tarsal, contains the "heel"
60
metatarsals
- numbered **I through V**, most medial is I
61
talus
## Footnote
- smaller than calcaneus
62
What tarsal articular surface do these arrows indicate the complex nature of?
**Trochlea of Talus**
63
24
tuberosity of 5th metatarsal
64
**Capitate** carpal
- articulates w/ metacarpal III (middle finger)
- largest carpal
65
**Hamate** Carpal
- articulates w/ metacarpals IV and V (ring and pinky finger)
- has "hook of hamate" or hamulus process
66
**Lunate** Carpal
- articulates directly w/ radius
67
D
**pisiform** carpal
Sits atop triquetrum, more easily seen in palmar view
68
**Scaphoid** carpal
- articulates directly w/ radius
- has tubercle
69
**Trapezium** carpal
- articulates w/ metacarpal I (thumb)
- has tubercle
70
F
**Trapezoid** Carpal
- articulates w/ metacarpal II (index finger)
71
**triquetrum** carpal
- articulates w/ ulna via an articular disc
72
Carpals
- 8 on each wrist, 16 total
73
B
**Tubercle of Scaphoid**
74
D
tubercle of trapezium
75
metacarpals
- five in each hand, make up palm
- numbered I-V, thumb is I
76
phalanges
## Footnote
- fourteen in each hand, 2 in thumbs, 3 in fingers
- named **Proximal, Distal, Middle**
- numbered **I through V, thumb is I**
77
#2
**Hamulus** of Hamate carpal
- from 'hamus' meaning hook
78
humerus
## Footnote
- bone of brachial region of arm, articulates with scapula proximally and radius/ulna distally
- in addition to all markings know: **anteromedial/lateral surfaces** and **medial/lateral borders**
79
anatomical neck of humerus
- former epiphyseal plate
80
#15
what surface?
anteromedial surface
81
body of humerus
82
capitulum
- located laterally in anatomical position
- articulates with radius
83
coronoid fossa of humerus
- anteromedial accomodation for coronoid process of ulna
84
Crest of Greater Tubercle
85
humerus right anterior superior
3
**crest of lesser tubercle**
86
deltoid tuberosity of humerus
- roughened, lateral area where deltoid muscle attaches
87
greater tubercle of humerus
- lateral and large
88
midshaft posterior humerus
#22
type of indentation
**groove for radial nerve**
89
21
inferior view posterior humerus
look for indentation
**groove for ulnar nerve**
90
head of humerus
- articulates with glenoid fossa of scapula
91
Not where the red arrow points to the crest of the lesser tubercle, but just lateral to that where #5's pointer ends
**intertubercular groove (or sulcus)**
92
lateral epicondyle of humerus
93
inferior view
#9
lateral supracondylar ridge
94
lesser tubercle of humerus
- smaller, medial
95
medial epicondyle of humerus
- bony distal projection, muscle attachment
96
Part D
Medial Supracondylar Ridge
97
olecranon fossa
- posterior accomodation for olecranon of ulna
98
radial fossa of humerus
- anterolateral accomodation for radius
99
surgical neck of humerus
- named because it's a common break site
100
part D
trochlea of humerus
- like pulley, articulates with trochlear notch of ulna
101
patella
- thick flat triangular "kneecap"
- increases quadriceps leverage
know:
* **base**
* **apex**
* **articular facets**
102
1
apex of patella
(view is POSTERIOR and INVERTED, RIGHT patella. base is proximal and apex is distal)
103
4
base of patella
(view is POSTERIOR and INVERTED, RIGHT patella. base is proximal and apex is distal)
104
3
facet for articulation with lateral femoral condyle
(view is POSTERIOR and INVERTED, RIGHT patella. base is proximal and apex is distal)
105
2
facet for articulation with medial femoral condyle
(view is POSTERIOR and INVERTED, RIGHT patella. base is proximal and apex is distal)
106
#18
Acetabular Fossa
107
Right Hip Bone
#19/Red Arrow
Acetabular Notch
108
acetabulum
- socket for articulation with head of femur
- formed by meeting of lateral faces of ilium, ischium and pubis
109
red arrow
anterior superior iliac spine
110
11
lateral aspect right hip bone
anterior gluteal line
111
anterior inferior iliac spine
112
24
medial aspect right hip bone
arcuate line of pelvis
113
**auricular surface**
114
13
lateral aspect right hip bone
external lip of iliac crest
115
general reference inferior portion
right hip bone lateral aspect
B = ischium
C = pubis
1 Posterior superior iliac spine
2 Posterior gluteal line
3 Posterior inferior iliac spine
4 Greater sciatic notch
5 Ischial spine
6 Lesser sciatic notch
7 Body of ischium
8 Ischial tuberosity
9 Obturator foramen
15 Inferior gluteal line
16 Anterior inferior iliac spine
17 Lunate surface of acetabulum
18 Acetabular fossa
19 Acetabular notch
20 Pecten pubis
21 Pubic tubercle
22 Body of pubis
116
general reference superior portion
lateral view right hip bone
A = ilium
1 Posterior superior iliac spine
2 Posterior gluteal line
3 Posterior inferior iliac spine
4 Greater sciatic notch
10 Iliac crest
11 Anterior gluteal line
12 Internal lip of iliac crest
13 External lip of iliac crest
14 Anterior superior iliac spine
15 Inferior gluteal line
16 Anterior inferior iliac spine
17 Lunate surface of acetabulum
18 Acetabular fossa
117
greater sciatic notch
118
the whole ridge along the top of the pelvis
**iliac crest**
119
iliac fossa
120
25
medial aspect right pelvis
iliopubic eminence
121
**Ilium**
## Footnote
- dorsal superior section of os coxa
122
inferior ramus of pubis
- forms medial, inferior portion of obturator foramen
123
15
lateral aspect right hip bone
inferior gluteal line
124
12
medial view right hipbone
internal lip of iliac crest
(lateral view)
125
ischial spine
- bony process just below greater sciatic notch
126
**ischial tuberosity**
127
grey part #3
**ischium**
- dorsal posterior portion of os coxa
128
lesser sciatic notch
129
#17
Lunate Surface (of acetabulum)
130
opening indicated by small pointer at bottom of picture
**obturator foramen**
- large foramen btwn ischium and pubis
131
34
obturator groove
132
#20
**pecten pubis**
AKA **pectinate line**
133
posterior inferior iliac spine
134
posterior superior iliac spine
135
part E
pubic symphysis
- fibrocartilagenous joint between left and right superior pubic rami
136
#21
pubic tubercle
137
pubis
## Footnote
- ventral, inferior portion of os coxa
138
ramus of ischium
139
superior ramus of pubis
- forms anterosuperior aspect of obturator foramen
140
26
symphysial surface of pubis
141
what should the angle of the pelvis be, between plane of pelvic inlet and the horizontal plane?
also called PELVIC INCLINATION
should be ~60 degrees
(horizontal plane begins where plane of pelvic inlet ends at junction between Lumbar and Sacral Spine)
142
#10
**Body of the Ilium**
143
#14
**Body of Ischium**
144
#14
What is the area?
**Body of Pubis**
145
What is this area of the ilium?
**Gluteal Surface**
146
male vs. female pelvis
Male
* \< 90 degree pubic angle
* large oval obturator foramen
* vertical coccyx
* larger, ateriorly directed acetabulum
Female
* usually \>100 degree pubic angle
* small triangular obturator foramen
* posteriorly tilted coccyx
* smaller, laterally directed acetabulum
146
green area
**Limbus (or Margin) of Acetabulum**
148
#3
**Posterior Gluteal Line**
148
this is the area above the pelvis' articular feature for the head of the femur
what is it called?
**supra acetabular fossa**
149
What is this circular delineation? What does it separate?
And what features make it up?
**Terminal Line of Pelvis**
- separates the **Greater Pelvis** from the **Lesser Pelvis**
- in a clockwise motion, it starts posteriorly at the **Sacral Promontory**, then **Arcuate Line** of left pelvic bone, **Iliopubic Eminence**, **Pectinate Line**, and **Pubic Symphysis**. It continues up the same features on the right pelvic bone and back to the sacrum.
150
**Wing (or Ala) of Ilium**
151
**radius** (2, paired)
- lateral (on thumb side) when in anatomical position
in addition to markings, know: _anterior, posterior and lateral surfaces_ as well as _anterior and interosseous borders_
152
#17
first groove of radius
152
#18
second groove of radius
153
19
third groove of radius
153
20
fourth groove of radius
154
#2
posterior view
**articular circumference of the radius**
- circumferential portion of radius' head which articulates with radial notch of ulna
155
#8 ... a distal surface of a long bone
**articular surface** of radius
divided into articulation with scaphoid carpal (lateral by styloid process) and lunate carpal (medial by ulnar notch)
156
distal view of radius
indicated by red line
**Dorsal (or Lister's) Tubercle**
157
**Head of Radius**
- articulates with capitulum of humerus
158
highlighted blue portion
**Neck of Radius**
159
green part
radial tuberosity
## Footnote
- attachment for biceps brachii
160
styloid process of radius
162
which view of which bones is this?
radius and ulna anterior view
163
which view of which bones is this?
posterior view of radius (right) and ulna (left)
164
ulnar notch of radius
- articulates with distal end of ulna
165
acromion of scapula
- bony tip of shoulder
166
coracoid process of scapula
- looks like bent finger
167
glenoid cavity
- articulates with head of humerus
168
Left scapula posterior view
inferior angle
169
infraspinous fossa of scapula
- broad area below spine, posterior aspect
170
lateral border of scapula
171
medial border of scapula
172
spine of scapula
173
subscapular fossa
- smooth, broad anterior surface of scapula
174
letter D (angle)
right anterior costal scapula
superior angle
175
supraspinous fossa of scapula
- above spine, posterosuperior aspect
176
Scapula (2 paired)
- shoulder blade, flat/triangular articualtes with acromion of scapula
know:
* **spine**
* **acromion**
* **coracoid process**
* **glenoid cavity**
* **medial border**
* **lateral border**
* **supraspinous fossa**
* **infraspinous fossa**
* **subscapular fossa**
177
Acromial Angle of Scapula
178
#9
right scapula, anterior
articular facet for acromion
179
part H
Infraglenoid Tubercle
180
**Neck of Scapula**
- slightly narrower portion which connects glenoid cavity/tubercle complex to rest of scapula
181
A
Superior Margin of Scapula
182
right scapula lateral
11
**supraglenoid tubercle**
183
3
Right scapula posterior superior view
Scapular Notch
- AKA suprascapular notch
184
#5
**Soleal Line of Tibea**
**-** diagonal line on posterior, proximal shaft of tibia
- attachment for soleus (and others)
185
tibia
- larger of two distal lower limb bones
- articulates above with femur, below with talus
know:
* **medial condyle**
* **lateral condyle**
* **tibial tuberosity**
* **medial malleolus**
186
superior view of tibia
what is part A?
**Anterior Intercondylar Area of Tibia**
- know it's anterior because tibial tuberosity (bump seen on top of bone here) is anterior
187
#8
**Anterior Border of Tibia**
**-** prominent anterior ridge that separates lateral/medial surfaces
188
right branch of pointer #8
**Articular Facet of Medial Malleolus**
189
What other borders/surfaces of the tibia should be known? How can you identify them?
**Medial Surface - **lies on anterior side of bone, medial to anterior border
**Medial Border - **edge of bone distal to medial epicondyle, separating anterior and posterior sides
**Interosseous Border - **edge of bone distal to lateral epicondyle, facing towards fibula, separating anterior and posterior sides
190
Area marked light blue
**Fibular Notch of Tibia**
191
area marked by green dot
**Gerdy's Tubercle**
**-** lateral insertion of IT tract
192
this is the bone which contains the medial malleolus
what is the red marked area?
**Groove for Tibialis Posterior**
(and Flexor Digitorum Longus)
...so it's the tibia!
193
left branch of pointer #8
**Inferior Articular Surface of Tibia**
194
What is the structure and what are its two parts?
**Intercondylar Eminence of Tibia**
- made up of **medial and lateral intercondylar tubercle**
195
lateral condyle of tibia
196
#9
**lateral surface of tibia**
197
medial condyle of tibia
198
number 1
medial malleolus of tibia
## Footnote
- bony prominence on inside of ankle
200
diagonal ridge between 1 and 2
**oblique line of tibia**
202
superior view of tibia, note location of tibial tuberosity
what is part C?
**Posterior Intercondylar Area of Tibia**
**-** determine it's posterior based on location of tuberosity (anterior)
203
Area marked light blue
Overall name and separate parts
**Superior Articular Surfaces of Tibia**
**Medial and Lateral Facets**
(determine which is which via medial malleolus, or fibula if present)
204
tibial tuberosity
205
ulna
- medial bone of forearm in anatomical position
know:
* **olecranon process**
* **coronoid process**
* **trochlear notch**
* **radial notch**
* **head**
* **styloid process**
206
#16
articular circumference of the ulna
207
coronoid process
- articulates with coronoid fossa of humerus
208
distal structure pointed out by thick black line
head of ulna
- note that it's on the distal end! not all heads are proximal
209
#4
**interosseous border** of ulna
210
olecranon process
- fits into olecranon fossa of humerus
211
radial notch of ulna
- lateral to coronoid process
- accomodates radial head
212
**styloid process of ulna**
213
trochlear notch of ulna
- formed by olecranon and cornoid processes
- articulates with trochlea of humerus
214
anterior superior forearm
#14
ulnar tuberosity
215
#10
**Fossa of Lateral Malleolus**
**-** talo- and tibiofibular ligaments attach here
216
What line do the two small arrows indicate?
**Chopart's Line**
- a common amputation line between the talus/calcaneus and the rest of the tarsals
217
What line does the red indicate?
**Lisfranc's Line**
- an important amputation line between the tarsals and meta-tarsals
218
Posterior view of distal femur
**Intercondylar Line**
219
#13
**Pronator Tuberosity of Radius**
220
What is the small blue highlighted feature at the anterior of these two bones?
**Pubic Crest**
- extends from pubic tubercle to medial border of pelvic bone
221
#2
**Supinator Crest of Ulna**
- extends distally from the radial notch
