What are the causes of blackleg?
Ineffective or lack of vaccination
Closterdium chovei
What is malignant edema? How do you treat?
Cl. septicum +/- sordellii, novyi
Caused by wounds, injections or usage of contaminated vials -> causes fever & toxaemia
Treat with penicillin parenterally and even inject around the lesion.
(you can vaccinate twice, 2 weeks apart)
Maternal Obstetrical Paralysis -> what are the two kinds?
- Obturator (very rare)
2. Sciatic involvement
Obturator paralysis looks like what?
Can’t adduct it’s legs, wide base stance with hind limbs extended forward
Scaitic paralysis looks like what? Caused by?
Can’t get up, exhausted
Due to prolonged unassisted calving, cuasing pinching of the sciatic nerve, or an assisted calving where they let the cow rest afterwards.
What is downer cow syndrome?
A cow that isn’t able to stand after 24 hours and 2 treatments of hypocalcemia and all other causes have been eliminated
What causes downer cow syndrome?
Laying on one leg for 6 hours or more (compartmental syndrome)… only 1/3rd of cows recover. (causes peroneal nerve injury -> hyper flexion of fetlock)
What effects prognosis of downer cow syndrome?
The cow’s attitude and determination, value and client’s time.
Name three lifting aids
Hip lifters, body slings, flotation tanks (should be used early!!)
What can cause hip luxation?
- True obturator paralysis
- Downer cow syndrome
- Estrus activity on slippery surface
- Misadventure
What does hip luxation look like?
Usually craniodorsal
• Stifle and digit rotate outward if
able to stand
• DDx – femoral neck fracture
What causes stifle injuries
A twisting action of the limb while claws are firmly placed on the ground. Can be due to estrus & breeding activity. It is usually a partial or complete rupture of cranial cruciate ligament and meniscal injury (check out in lateral recumbency). Small damage can cause bit issues.
Spastic syndrome
Crampiness
Genetic dominant
After rising
Adults
Spastic paresis
Elso heel
Progressive unilateral
Young
Contracted tendons
Contracted tendons common in 4 limbs
Carpal hydroma
Don’t do anything - ignore, treat with rest
Tarsal cellulitis
Hairless thickened skin Bruised/thickened skin If abscesses - treat locally Systemic ceftiofur (can also get septic cellulitis)
Pasture foot rot
Subacute/acute Fusobacterium necrophrum Need to have a puncture Swelling of the interdigital space lameness, febrile broken skin space, foul odour arthritis in P2/P3 can be complication Systemic antibiotics - penicillin/oxytetracyline/ceftiofur (can also get septic cellulitis) CuSO4 for soak
Heel horn erosion/stable foot rot
Caused by poor hygiene Usually at the end of winter Bilaterally at the hind limbs Dichelobacter nodosis See this bilateral lesions, with unilateral lameness May also have digital dermatitis Remove necrotic tissue, re-trim in 3 months Don't give antibiotics for this! Do sand bedding or pasture mats CuSO4/Formalin
Digital dermatitis
Looks like strawberry foot rot
Heifers new in a milking herd
Similar to stable foot rot
Two different spirochetes cause this (treponema)
No swelling
Usually 1 limb affected
Rest foot when standing, walk with minimal lameness
Treat with topical oxytetracycline spray
Control using a footpath
spray with oxytetracycline & get regular hoof trimming/disinfect between animals
Sole Ulcer
Circumscribed area of hemorrhage and necrosis towards asia surface
Lateral - hind
Medial - forelimb
Heavy cows
Can be combined with nutrition issue - too much protein
Sole/plantar process of P3
Treat it by putting a medial block on
White line disease
Disintigration of the fibrous junction between the sole and the wall - and penetrated by fibrous debris
High level of concentrate in food
Heavy animals
Lateral claw of hind limb
Abscessed - discharge at coronary band
Can get arthritis - navicular bursa
retroarticular infection can happen & arthritis
Trim up to the wall, block the sound claw
Laminitis - what is it, diagnosis treatments?
acute grain overload
diagnosed by characteristics stance and history
slipper foot
treat with ketoprofin
Sand crack - what is it, 3 types?
vertical fissure of the periopal and horn
Type 1 - coronary band
Type 2 - to mid-claw
Type 3 - to weight bearing surface
Sand crack where & causes
Front lateral, abaxial surface nothing to do with dryness Poor feed to lush feed? Biotin - vitamin H lameness - only to type 3 trimming the edges, remove the axial portion of the toe to reduce weight bearing
Corkscrew claw
cull them
foot baths
Copper sulphate
oxytetracycline
formalin
hoof trimming
ever 6 months for dairy cows
at least once before 1st parturition
septic arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint
Toe tilt
fistulous tracts
etc
septic arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint - treatments (3)
Digital amputation (go up into P1, pressure bandage for 5 days, change for 5 days) Arthrodesis (solar/lateral techniques - how did the infection enter the joint?) Euthanasia
septic arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint -Arthrodesis
solar/lateral techniques - how did the infection enter the joint?
Solar - affect the DDF
Lateral - deal with DDF, but harder to drain
Place a drain, put a pressure bandage
septic arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint - can you ship?
No, if they are lame
can’t put them on the truck
systemic antibiotics won’t work on their own
Septic arthritis secondary to umbilical infections
secondary to umbilical issues
naval disinfection
Mycoplasma - chronic pneumonia & polyarthritis syndrome
with caseous micro abscessation - mycoplasma pneumonia & arthritis