Bovine Non-Infectious Infertility and Toxicants Flashcards Preview

Theriogenology > Bovine Non-Infectious Infertility and Toxicants > Flashcards

Flashcards in Bovine Non-Infectious Infertility and Toxicants Deck (31)
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1
Q

Describe uterine involution

A
  • takes 25-50 days
  • lochia is expelled (blood tinged fluid, tissue, and debris)
  • blood vessels to caruncles vasoconstrict and slough
  • endometrial epithelium repairs
2
Q

What is metritis?

A

severe inflammation involving all layers of the uterus

- usually occurs within 10 days after parturition

3
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with metritis?

A
  • fetid red-brown watery uterine discharge
  • reduced milk yield
  • dullness, inappetence
  • elevated heart rate
  • dehydration
4
Q

How is metritis treated?

A
  • systemic antibiotics: Ceftiofur, Penicillin, Oxytetracycline
  • anti-inflammatories
  • +/- uterine lavage
5
Q

What is endometritis?

A

inflammation of the endometrium extending no deeper than the stratum spongiosum
- occurs at least 21 days after parturition

6
Q

How is endometritis diagnosed?

A
  • rectal palpation, ultrasound
  • examine vaginal contents
  • presence of > 50% purulent material in uterine discharge after 21 days (score 3)
  • presence of mucopurulent material in vagina after 26 days (score 2)
7
Q

What are the treatment options for endometritis?

A
  • systemic or intrauterine antibiotics: penicillin, ceftiofur sodium, ceftiofur crystalline free acid, oxytetracycline
  • hormone therapy: PGF2a, oxytocin, estrogen
  • supportive care
8
Q

What is pyometra?

A

collection of purulent exudate within the endometrial cavity

9
Q

How is pyometra caused?

A
  • metritis, endometritis, lochia, or other contents are present and ovulation occurs, resulting in CL formation
  • inhibition of PGF2a release, and CL is maintained
10
Q

How is pyometra diagnosed?

A
  • history of unobserved estrus

- rectal exam: thin walled, fluid filled uterus

11
Q

How is pyometra treated?

A

removal of the CL

12
Q

What is true anestrus?

A

insufficient hormonal stimulus resulting in no cycle

13
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of a freemartin

A
  • twins share chorioallantoic membrane
  • male twin develops first, leads to AMH production
  • AMG inhibits female duct system
14
Q

Describe the internal genitalia of a free martun

A
  • vestigial ovaries
  • reduced development of paramesonephric ducts
  • some development of male ducts
  • small genital tract, hypoplastic ovaries, short vagina, absent cervix
15
Q

What are the characteristics and signs associated with ovarian follicular cysts?

A
  • anestrus is primary sign
  • irregular estrus intervals
  • may show nymphomania
  • may have bull-like appearance
16
Q

How are ovarian cysts caused/formed?

A
  • no LH surge
  • dominant follicle reaches ovulatory size but fails to ovulate
  • growth continues until cystic
17
Q

What is produced by ovarian follicular cysts?

A

estradiol

inhibin A

18
Q

How are ovarian follicular cysts treated?

A
  • spontaneous recovery
  • manual rupture not recommended
  • luteinize/lyse it: GnRH/PGF2a or hCG/PGF2a
  • progesterone for 7 days, then lyse
19
Q

Which plants/toxins are teratogens?

A
  • locoweed
  • poison hemlock
  • lupines
  • tree tobacco
20
Q

Which plants/toxins cause abortions?

A
  • locoweed
  • nitrates
  • ponderosa pine
  • broomweed
21
Q

Which plants/toxins cause infertility?

A
  • locoweed
  • fescue
  • insecticides
22
Q

What is caused by poison hemlock?

A

crooked calf syndrome

  • multiple congenital contractures
  • unable to extend appendages
23
Q

What is caused by lupines?

A
  • severe limb and spinal deformities

- cleft palate

24
Q

What is caused by tobacco?

A

arthrogryposis of the forelimbs and curvature of the spine

25
Q

What is caused by locoweed?

A
  • neurologic signs
  • abortion
  • fetal abnormalities
26
Q

Which plant contains the swainsonine toxin?

A

locoweed

27
Q

Which plant contains the isocupressic acid toxin?

A

ponderosa pine

28
Q

What is caused by ponderosa pine?

A
  • abortion
  • vasoconstriction at caruncles
  • hemorrhagic placentitis
29
Q

What is caused by broomweed?

A

abortions and retained fetal membranes

30
Q

What is caused by fescue?

A
  • peripheral vasoconstriction

- “summer slump”: decreased milk production and fertility

31
Q

What is caused by nitrates?

A
  • fetal hypoxia and death

- late gestation abortions