Brain Anatomy

Question 1

Where is CSF produced? How is it absorbed?

Answer 1

Choroid plexus produces

Arachnoid villi absorbs

Question 2

Approx. How much CSF present in normal adult?

Answer 2

150ml

Question 3

If there is a blockage in the ventricular system, what pathology could arise?

Answer 3

Hydrocephalus

Question 4

What are the 4 functions of CSF?

Answer 4

1) Shock absorber
2) basic immunological protection
3) remove metabolic waste
4) transport neurotransmitters

Question 5

Which part of the ventricular system does the thalamus form the wall to?

Answer 5

Third ventricle

Question 6

What is the function of the thalamus? Is it composed of grey or white matter?

Answer 6

Relay motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex. It is a mostly grey matter structure

Question 7

What are the functions of the basal ganglia?

Answer 7

Production of movement, controlling unwanted movement

Question 8

What are the key parts of the limbic system?

Answer 8

Hippo with a hat
Hippocampus
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Thalamus

Question 9

What is the pterion and why is it clinically significant?

Answer 9

Where the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones join. It is the weakest part of the skull and susceptible to trauma

Question 10

What type of neutron is found in the pyramids

Answer 10

Multipolar neuron

Question 11

What is the function of the cerebellar peduncles? How many are there?

Answer 11

They permit communication between cerebellum and other parts of the CNS

There are 6 cerebellar peduncles, 3 on each side

Question 12

What is the function of basal ganglia?

Answer 12

Motor refinement/ suppress unwanted movements

Learning motor skills

Question 13

The lentiform nucleus is composed of?

Answer 13

Globus pallidus and putamen

Question 14

What is the arterial supply to the basal ganglia?

Answer 14

Middle Cerebral Artery

Question 15

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Answer 15

Regulates and coordinates movement such as posture

Question 16

Afferent neurones

Answer 16

Sensory neurones - receive + integrate incoming information

Question 17

Efferent neurones

Answer 17

Motor neurones - transmit information to target organs

Question 18

What type of neurone is a typical sensory neurone

Answer 18

Pseudounipolar

Question 19

What type of neurone is a typical motor neurone

Answer 19

Multipolar

Question 20

Function of Glial cells

Answer 20

Insulate neurones
Nutrition
Oxygen

Question 21

White matter

Answer 21

Myelinated neurones connecting grey matter structures
Dendrites and glial cells
On the inside in the brain and the outside in the spinal cord

Question 22

Grey matter

Answer 22

Somas (cell bodies) and synapses

Brain outside, spinal cord inside

Question 23

Covering of neurones from superficial to deep

Answer 23

Epineurium - surrounds entire nerve + associated capillaries
Perineurium - surrounds fascicle
Endometrium - surrounds axon

Question 24

Structural division of nervous system

Answer 24

CNS - brain and spinal cord

PNS - cranial and spinal nerves

Question 25

Functional division of nervous system

Answer 25

Somatic nervous system - voluntary control and conscious sensation Autonomic nervous system - involuntary control - parasympathetic + sympathetic

Question 26

Location of axons in PNS is called

Answer 26

Nerves

Question 27

Location of axons in CNS is called

Answer 27

Tracts

Question 28

Neuronal cell bodies in PNS are called

Answer 28

Ganglia

Question 29

Neuronal cell bodies in CNS are called

Answer 29

Nuclei

Question 30

Layers of scalp from superficial to deep

Answer 30

``` Skin Periosteum Cranium Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater ```

Question 31

The two layers of the dura mater are called

Answer 31

Periosteum layer | Meningeal layer

Question 32

Dural venous sinuses drain into

Answer 32

Internal jugular veins

Question 33

What are Arachnoid granulations

Answer 33

Small projections of arachnoid mater into dural venous sinus to allow for venous drainage of CSF

Question 34

Briefly describe the flow of CSF

Answer 34

Made in choroid plexus. 2 lateral ventricles in each cerebral hemisphere drain into a singular third ventricle (donut) which drains through aqueduct to the 4th ventricle located in the hindbrain

Question 35

How do you test CSF

Answer 35

Insert needle in between L3/L4 in the cauda equina

Question 36

Where does nerve C1 emerge from

Answer 36

Between skull and atlas

Question 37

Where do nerves C2-C7 emerge from?

Answer 37

Superior to respective vertebrae

Question 38

Where does nerve C8 emerge from?

Answer 38

Inferior to C7 vertebrae

Question 39

Where do Nerves T1-T12 emerge

Answer 39

inferior to respective vertebrae

Question 40

Dorsal root of spinal nerve

Answer 40

Posterior Somas in sensory ganglia Afferent fibres (PNS > CNS) Sensory

Question 41

Ventral Root of spinal nerve

Answer 41

Anterior Somas in ventral horn Efferent fibres (CNS > PNS) Motor

Question 42

What is a myotome

Answer 42

Group of muscles supplied by efferent motor neurones of a single spinal nerve

Question 43

What is a Dermatome

Answer 43

Area of skin supplied by afferent sensory fibres of a single Spinal nerve

Question 44

How many pairs of nerves in the whole PNS?

Answer 44

43

Question 45

How many pairs of spinal nerves?

Answer 45

``` 31 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal ```

Question 46

Where are the cell bodies of motor neurones found

Answer 46

Ventral horn of grey matter

Question 47

Where are cell bodies of sensory neurones found

Answer 47

Dorsal root ganglion

Question 48

What type of Neurons are found in plexuses

Answer 48

Ventral/efferent/motor

Question 49

Sympathetic nerves arise from

Answer 49

T1-L2

Question 50

Parasympathetic nerves arise from

Answer 50

CN3,CN7,CN9,CN10 and S2-S4

Question 51

Preganglionic fibres have somas in

Answer 51

Brain stem or ventral horn of spinal cord

Question 52

Frontal lobe is responsible for

Answer 52

``` Higher intellect Personality Controlling movement Emotion Problem solving ```

Question 53

Parietal lobe responsible for

Answer 53

Language Interpreting movement Visuospatial functions

Question 54

Primary motor cortex location

Answer 54

Precentral gyrus

Question 55

Location of somatosensory cortex

Answer 55

Post central gyrus

Question 56

Location of primary auditory cortex

Answer 56

Superior temporal gyrus

Question 57

Temporal lobe responsible for:

Answer 57

Hearing Memory Language Speech

Question 58

Primary visual cortex location is

Answer 58

Occipital lobe

Question 59

Types of white matter tracts

Answer 59

Association - same hemisphere Commissural - opposite hemisphere Projection - different parts of CNS

Question 60

Striatum is made of

Answer 60

Caudate nucleus | Putamen

Question 61

Disorders of basal ganglia

Answer 61

Parkinson’s - hypokinetic, tremor | Huntington’s - hyperkinetic, jerks

Question 62

Main function of hypothalamus

Answer 62

Maintain homeostasis

Question 63

Brain stem is responsible for

Answer 63

Cardiovascular system control Respiratory control Pain sensitivity control Alertness, awareness, consciousness

Question 64

What is the vermis

Answer 64

Separates cerebellar hemispheres

Question 65

Cerebellum is concerned with:

Answer 65

Motor function + learning (balance, muscle tone, posture)

Question 66

Location of Foramen of monroe

Answer 66

Between lateral and third ventricle

Question 67

What is the blood brain barrier

Answer 67

Semi-permeable membrane Separating circulating blood from the CSF. Occurs across all capillaries in the brain. Made of tight endothelial junctions. Bacteria can’t pass

Question 68

Most common pathogen causing meningitis in neonates

Answer 68

E.coli

Question 69

Most common pathogen causing meningitis in adults

Answer 69

Strep. Pneumoniae

Question 70

Physical symptoms of meningitis

Answer 70

Nuchal rigidity - neck stiffness Kernigs sign - patient in supine position. Flex knee and hips at 90°. Try to extend knee. - can’t straighten Brudzinskis sign - patient in supine position. Lift neck. Positive test - patient raises knees

Question 71

Treatment of meningitis

Answer 71

If bacterial - prompt and aggressive therapy. High does IV benzylpenicillin

Question 72

What is the meningococcus

Answer 72

Neisseria meningitidis

Question 73

Excitatory neurotransmitter

Answer 73

Glutamate

Question 74

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

Answer 74

GABA

Question 75

Pain pathway stages

Answer 75

Transduction Transmission Modulation Perception

Question 76

Name of CN1

Answer 76

Olfactory

Question 77

Name of CN2

Answer 77

Optic

Question 78

Name of CN3

Answer 78

Oculomotor

Question 79

Name of CN4

Answer 79

Trochlear

Question 80

Name of CN5

Answer 80

Trigeminal

Question 81

Name of CN6

Answer 81

Abducens

Question 82

Name of CN7

Answer 82

Facial

Question 83

Name of CN8

Answer 83

Vestibulocochlear

Question 84

Name of CN9

Answer 84

Glossopharyngeal

Question 85

Name of CN10

Answer 85

Vagus

Question 86

Name of CN11

Answer 86

Spinal Accessory

Question 87

Name of CN12

Answer 87

Hypoglossal

Question 88

Lateral grey horn is found between which levels? Why is it present?

Answer 88

T1-L2 | Preganglionic motor neurones of sympathetic nervous system

Question 89

Dorsal column pathway carries

Answer 89

Fine touch, vibration, proprioception

Question 90

Anterolateral system (spinothalamic tract) carries

Answer 90

crude touch, pain and temperature

Question 91

In the dorsal column, first order neuron signals from the upper limb travel to the

Answer 91

Nucleus cuneatus

Question 92

In the dorsal column, first order neuron signals from the lower limb travel to the

Answer 92

Nucleus gracilis

Question 93

Name of two ascending tracts

Answer 93

Dorsal column - medial lemniscal | Spinothalamic

Question 94

Where do dorsal column first order neurones synapse?

Answer 94

Medulla oblongata

Question 95

Describe the journey of second order dorsal column neurones

Answer 95

Begin -nucleus gracilis/cuneatus Decussate in the medulla and travel in contralateral medial lemniscus Synapse - thalamus

Question 96

Spinothalamic tract first order neuron journey

Answer 96

Sensory receptors in periphery to the spinal cord. Ascend 1-2 vertebral levels and synapse at tip of dorsal horn

Question 97

Spinothalamic second order neurons journey

Answer 97

From dorsal horn in spinal cord. Decussate in spinal cord and then split into two - anterior and lateral spinothalamic tracts

Question 98

Anterior spinothalamic tract carries

Answer 98

Crude touch and pressure

Question 99

Lateral spinothalamic tract carries

Answer 99

Pain and temperature

Question 100

Corticospinal tract receives a number of inputs from

Answer 100

Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex Supplementary motor cortex

Question 101

Describe the journey of the cortical spinal tract

Answer 101

Receives multiple inputs. Descends through internal capsule Divides in two at most inferior part of medulla Lateral tract decussates and descends. Terminates in ventral horn. Lower motor neurone supply muscles Anterior tract remains ipsilateral, descends and terminates in ventral horn