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Clinical Anatomy > Brain Functions & Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Brain Functions & Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the brain is the telencephalon?

A

Cerebrum

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2
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum?

A

Conscious part of the brain 1. Conscious motor movement: initiates movement of skeletal muscle 2. Perceives conscious sensory input 3. Interpretation 4. Involved in memory

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3
Q

What is the Longitudinal fissure?

A

Deep sulcus that divides the cerebrum into Right & Left hemispheres

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4
Q

What is the Central sulcus?

A

Separates frontal & parietal lobes

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5
Q

What are the parts of the frontal lobe?

A
  1. Precentral gyrus 2. Broca’s area 3. Affective language area
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6
Q

What is the function of the precentral gyrus?

A

Located in the frontal lobe 1. Primary motor area 2. Initiates conscious movement

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7
Q

What is the function of the Broca’s area?

A

Located in frontal lobe, usually only in L hemisphere 1. Production of speech/writing

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8
Q

What is the function of the affective language area?

A

Location in frontal lobe, same spot as Broca’s in R hemisphere 1. Affects pitch & intonation 2. Vocalizing in a musical way

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9
Q

What is the lateral sulcus?

A

Separates the frontal & parietal lobes from the temporal lobe

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10
Q

What is the postcentral gyrus?

A

Located in the parietal lobe 1. Somatosensory area 2. Skin senstations felt here

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11
Q

What are the parts of the temporal lobe?

A
  1. Wernicke’s area 2. “R hemisphere Wernicke’s area” 3. Primary auditory area
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12
Q

What is the function of the Wernicke’s area?

A

Located in Temporal lobe, usually only in L hemisphere 1. Recognition of language 2. Formulation of speech/language

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13
Q

What is expressive aphasia?

A

aka Broca’s aphasia Loss of ability to produce language

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14
Q

What is receptive aphasia?

A

Damage to Wernicke’s area People speak but don’t make any sense

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15
Q

What is the “R Hemisphere Wernicke’s area?”

A

Recognize & interpret ambiguous words ex. pitcher has 2 meanings

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16
Q

What is the function of the primary auditory area?

A

Located in the Temporal lobe Hearing

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17
Q

What is the parietooccipital sulcus?

A

Divides the parietal & occipital lobes

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18
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Primary visual area

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19
Q

What are the association areas?

A

Areas for thinking, rationalization & personality

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20
Q

What are the association tracts?

A

Located in cerebral medulla Interconnect different areas of the same hemisphere

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21
Q

What is the commisural tract?

A

Located in cerebral medulla Connects the L&R hemispheres ex. Corpus collosum

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22
Q

What are the projection tracts?

A

Located in the cerebral medulla Interconnect the cerebrum with other parts of the brain ex. internal capsule

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23
Q

What is in the cerebral medullary gray matter?

A

Basal ganglia

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24
Q

What are the parts of the diencephalon?

A
  1. Thalamus 2. Epithalamus 3. Hypothalamus 4. Subthalamus 5. Retina
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25
Q

What are the functions of the thalamus?

A

Located in the diencephalon 1. Receives all sensory input 2. Relay area - Directs info. to different parts of the cerebrum 3. Filters input (except olfactory)

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26
Q

What is the function of the epithalamus?

A

Located in the diencephalon aka pineal gland -secretes melatonin

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27
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A

Located in the diencephalon 1. Controls autonomic functions - cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands 2. Control centers: hunger, thirst, sex drive, sleep, circadian rythyms 3. Links nervous system to endocrine system 4. Suspends pituitary gland w/ infundibulum

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28
Q

What are the parts of the mesencephalon?

A

aka midbrain 1. Tegmentum 2. Tectum

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29
Q

What are the parts of the tegmentum?

A

Located in midbrain 1. Gray matter: red nucleus & substantia nigra 2. White matter - part of internal capsule w/ projection tracts

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30
Q

What is the function of the red nucleus?

A

Part of tegmentum of midbrain Coordinates arm & shoulder movements w/ other movements in body

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31
Q

What are the parts of the tectum?

A

Located in midbrain 1. Superior colliculi 2. Inferior colliculi -divided by cerebral aqueduct

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32
Q

What is the function of the superior colliculi?

A

Located in tectum of midbrain Filters info. from retina so you can focus (visual input)

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33
Q

What is the function of the inferior colliculi?

A

Located in tectum of midbrain Filters incoming auditory stimulus

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34
Q

What are the parts of the Metencephalon?

A
  1. Pons 2. Cerebellum
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35
Q

What is located in the gray matter of the pons?

A
  1. Respiratory center 2. Cranial nerve nuclei - innervates face, mouth, jaw, eyes, ears
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36
Q

What is located in the white matter of the pons?

A
  1. Part of internal capsule 2. Pontem commissure
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37
Q

What is the function of the Pontem Commissure?

A

Located in white matter of pons Interconnects 2 halves of cerebellum

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38
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A
  1. Coordination of movement 2. Proprioception 3. Muscle tone
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39
Q

What makes up the myelencephalon?

A

medulla oblongata

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40
Q

What are the nuclei of the medulla oblongata?

A
  1. Basal respiratory centers 2. Basal cardiac center 3. Vasomotor center 4. Vomition center 5. Deglutition center
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41
Q

What are the basal ganglia?

A

Clusters of large nuclei that function together to modify motor activity 1. Striatum: caudate nucleus & putamen 2. Globus pallidus 3. Subthalamic nucleus 4. Substantia nigra

42
Q

What results from neural death w/in the substantia nigra?

A

Parkinson’s

43
Q

What results from neural death in the caudate nucleus?

A

Huntington’s

44
Q

What results from a malfunctioning striatum?

A

OCD or ADHD

45
Q

What results from many malfunctioning basal nuclei?

A

Tourette’s

46
Q

What is the function of the menginges?

A

Suspend & protect the brain -produce subarachnoid space

47
Q

What are the dura mater infoldings in the brain?

A
  1. Falx cerebri 2. Tentorium cerebelli 3. Falx cerebelli 4. Diaphrama sellae
48
Q

What is the pathway of the dural venous sinuses?

A

Cerebral veins drain into the cerebral sinuses which converge in the sigmoid sinuses and leave out of the jugular foramina

49
Q

What is the pathway of the straight sinus?

A

The inferior sagittal sinus & great cerebral vein drain into the straight sinus which drains into the confluence

50
Q

What is the pathway of the transverse sinus?

A

The confluence drains into the transverse sinuses that drains into the sigmoid sinus

51
Q

What is the pathway of the occipital sinus?

A

Drains into confluence

52
Q

What drains into the cavernous sinuses?

A
  1. Intercavernous sinuses 2. Basilar plexus 3. Superior opthalmic vein 4. Spehnoparietal sinus
53
Q

What is the pathway of the superior petrosal sinus?

A

The cavernous sinus drains into the superior petrosal sinus that drains into the sigmoid sinus

54
Q

What are the arachnoid trabeculae?

A

suspensory ligaments that imbed themselves into pia mater

55
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A

Contains CSF and has arterioles & venuoles

56
Q

What is the function of the Olfactory Nerves?

A

Cranial Nerve I Composed of many small nerves that run through cribiform plate of ethmoid bone (olfactory foramina) -Sensory - sense of smell

57
Q

Where do the optic nerves enter the brain?

A

Optic canal

58
Q

What is the function of the optic nerves?

A

Cranial Nerve II sensory - vision actually tracts

59
Q

Where does the oculomotor nerve exit the brain?

A

superior orbital fissure

60
Q

What are the functions of the oculomotor nerves?

A

Cranial Nerve III 1. Somatic motor - all eye musles except superior oblique & lateral rectus 2. Parasympathetic motor - pupillary sphincter & ciliary body

61
Q

Where does the trochlear nerve exit the brain?

A

superior orbital fissure

62
Q

What is the function of the trochlear nerve?

A

Cranial Nerve IV Somatic motor - superior oblique muscle

63
Q

What are the branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Cranial Nerve V 1. Opthalmic branch 2. Maxillary branch 3. Mandibular

64
Q

What is the function of Cranial Nerve V1?

A

Sensory: 1. Forehead 2. Eyes (cornea) 3. Paranasal sinuses (except maxillary sinuses)

65
Q

Where does Cranial Nerve V1 exit?

A

Superior orbital fissure to supraorbital notch

66
Q

What is the function of Cranial Nerve V2?

A

Sensory: 1. Eyes down to upper lip 2. Upper teeth, palate, upper lip, maxillary sinus

67
Q

Where does Cranial Nerve V2 exit?

A

foramen rotundem to infraorbital foramen

68
Q

What is the function of Cranial Nerve V3?

A

Sensory: 1. Lower face 2. Lower teeth & lip 3. Inside of mouth except palate 4. Tongue 5. TMJ Somatic Motor: 1. Muscles of mastication 2. Anterior belly of digastric 3. Tensor tympani

69
Q

Where does Cranial Nerve V3 exit?

A

foramen ovale to mandibular foramen to mental foramen

70
Q

What is the function of Cranial Nerve VI?

A

Abducens Nerve Somatic motor: lateral rectus muscle

71
Q

Where does Cranial Nerve VI exit?

A

superior orbital fissure

72
Q

What are the functions of the facial nerve?

A

Cranial Nerve VII

  1. Somatic motor
  2. Parasympathetic motor
  3. Sensory
73
Q

What does the somatic motor division of facial nerve do?

A
  1. Muscles of facial expression
  2. Posterior belly of digastric
  3. Stapedius muscle
74
Q

What does the parasympathetic division of facial nerve do?

A
  1. Lacrimal gland 2. Submandibular gland 3. Sublingual gland
75
Q

What does the sensory division of facial nerve do?

A

anterior 2/3 of tongue & palate taste

76
Q

Where does the vestibulocochlear nerve leave?

A

internal acoustic meatus

77
Q

What is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Cranial Nerve VIII Sensory: equilibrium & hearing

78
Q

Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve exit?

A

jugular foramen

79
Q

What are the functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Cranial Nerve IX 1. Somatic motor 2. Parasympathetic motor 3. Sensory

80
Q

What does the somatic motor division of glossopharyngeal nerve do?

A

Oropharynx - initiates swallowing

81
Q

What does the parasympathetic motor division of glossopharyngeal nerve do?

A

Parotid gland

82
Q

What does the sensory division of glossopharyngeal nerve do?

A
  1. External ear 2. Middle ear 3. Taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue 4. Carotid sinus - monitors BP 5. Carotid body - monitors Os & CO2 & blood temp
83
Q

Where does the vagus nerve exit?

A

jugular foramen

84
Q

What are the functions of the vagus nerve?

A
  1. Somatic motor 2. Parasympathetic motor 3. Sensory
85
Q

What does the somatic motor division of vagus nerve do?

A
  1. Pharynx (except oropharynx) 2. Larynx 3. Soft palate 4. Upper esophagus
86
Q

What does the parasympathetic motor division of vagus nerve do?

A
  1. Glands 2. Smooth muscle of viscera - thoracic & abdomen
87
Q

What does the sensory division of vagus nerve do?

A
  1. Pharynx 2. Larynx 3. Dura mater 4. Tympanic membrane 5. Viscera 6. Taste - posterior 1/3 or palate
88
Q

Where does the spinal accessory nerve emerge from?

A

jugular foramen

89
Q

What are the functions of the spinal accessory nerve?

A

Cranial Nerve XI Not really a cranial nerve, emerges from spinal cord Somatic motor: 1. Sternocleidomastoid 2. Trapezius

90
Q

Where does the hypoglossal nerve exit?

A

hypoglossal canal

91
Q

What is the function of the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Cranial Nerve XII Somatic motor - Muscles of the tongue

92
Q

Which nerves leave the superior orbital fissure?

A
  1. III - Oculomotor 2. IV - Trochlear 3. V1 - Opthalmic branch of trigeminal 4. VII - Abducens
93
Q

Which is the longest cranial nerve?

A

Vagus - X

94
Q

Which is the shortest cranial nerve?

A

Olfactory - I

95
Q

Which is the largest cranial nerve?

A

Trigeminal - V

96
Q

Which nerves control eye movement?

A
  1. Oculomotor - III
  2. Trochlear - IV
  3. Abducens - VI
97
Q

Which nerves are responsible for saliva?

A
  1. Facial - VII
  2. Glossopharyngeal - IX
98
Q

Which nerves are for parasympathetic motor?

A
  1. Facial - VII
  2. Glossopharyngeal - IX
  3. Vagus - X
  4. Oculomotor - III
99
Q

What does the ansa cervicalis innervate?

A

-infrahyoid muscles

from C1-C3

100
Q

What does the phrenic nerve innervate?

A

diaphragm

Clinical Anatomy (17 decks)

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