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PSYCH 345 > Brain Structure > Flashcards

Brain Structure Flashcards

1
Q

neurons

A

communicating units of the CNS
receive stimulation via dendrites
transmit signals via axons

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2
Q

glia

A

support functions of the CNS

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3
Q

types of glia

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells
microglia

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4
Q

astrocytes

A 
exchange chemicals with neurons
remove waste (neuronal death)
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5
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

build myelin to insulate CNS axons

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6
Q

myelin

A

fatty tissue that surrounds axons to help insulate the neuron, speeding up signal transmission

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7
Q

ependymal cells

A

line the ventricles

produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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8
Q

microglia

A

fight infections
remove debris
part of the immune system in the brain

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9
Q

grey matter

A

neuronal cell bodies & glia

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10
Q

white matter

A

axons, myelin, & glial cells

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11
Q

nuclei

A

large groups of well-defined cell bodies (grey matter)
normally deep within the cerebral hemisphere
cell bodies within nuclei perform the same function

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12
Q

layers

A

neuronal cells organized by various sensory and motor functions & input/output connectivity
6 in total

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13
Q

tracts

A

large collections of axons traveling toward or away from a nucleus/layer in the CNS
is white matter
can travel short or long distances

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14
Q

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

A

measures structural changes in the brain’s white matter tracts by tracking the diffusion of water
is a way to know how white matter travels

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15
Q

major subdivisions of the brain

A

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

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16
Q

brainstem

A

begins where the spinal cord enters the skull, extends to the lower areas of the forebrain
main regions: hindbrain, midbrain, diencephalon

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17
Q

structures of the hindbrain

A

cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata, reticular formation

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18
Q

cerebellum functions

A 
motor coordination
motor learning (fine skilled motor control)
damage = equilibrium problems, postural defects, impairments in skilled motor activity
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19
Q

pons functions

A

vital body movements
relays signals from the cerebellum to the forebrain
damage = locked-in syndrome (can’t move, but you’re completely aware of what occurring around you)

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20
Q

medulla oblongata functions

A 
involuntary functions (breathing, heart rate, etc.)
damage = breathing stops, heart stops
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21
Q

reticular formation functions

A

controls sleeping and waking

damage = permanent unconsciousness

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22
Q

structures of the midbrain

A

superior colliculus
inferior colliculus
motor nuclei

23
Q

superior colliculus

A

receives projections from the retina

help locate objects in space

24
Q

inferior colliculus

A

receives projections from the ear

help locate objects in space

25
Q

key structure of motor nuclei

A

tegmentum

26
Q

tegmentum

A

contains nuclei that control limb movement (red nucleus) and approaching desired objects (substantia nigra)

27
Q

diencephalon

A

at the junction of the midbrain and forebrain

key structures: hypothalamus and thalamus

28
Q

hypothalamus

A

maintains homeostasis in the body

29
Q

thalamus functions

A 
sensory gateway (EVERYTHING GOES THROUGH THE THALAMUS)
many nerve fibers from sensory systems synapse here 
has bilateral structure: each thalami projects to their corresponding hemisphere
30
Q

structures of the forebrain

A

basal ganglia
limbic system
neocortex

31
Q

basal ganglia

A

part of the subcortex
contains nuclei that are key in addiction and substance use
functions: motor control, reward processing, memory, interacts extensively with cortical areas

32
Q

diseases associated with basal ganglia

A

Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease

33
Q

limbic system

A

part of subcortex
controls emotions
key structures: amygdala, hippocampus

34
Q

amygdala

A

turned into the potential threat of one’s environment

35
Q

hippocampus

A

involved in learning and memory

36
Q

disease associated with the limbic system

A

PTSD

37
Q

neocortex (cerebral cortex)

A

phylogenetically the youngest brain structure
only well developed in mammals, most so in humans
brain structure with the most neurons

38
Q

lobes of the neocortex

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

39
Q

frontal lobe primary function

A

involuntary motor control

40
Q

parietal lobe primary function

A

somatosensory control (sense of space, location, touch)

41
Q

temporal lobe primary function

A

auditory control

42
Q

occipital lobe primary function

A

visual control (biggest sense that human have)

43
Q

fissure

A

deep cleft

44
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

separates the left and right hemispheres

45
Q

lateral fissure

A

dorsal boundary of the temporal lobe

46
Q

sulcus

A

shallow cleft

47
Q

central sulcus/fissure

A

separates the parietal and frontal lobes

48
Q

gyrus

A

ridge

49
Q

brain hemispheres

A

2 in total
each contains sulci and gyri
interconnected by the corpus callosum

50
Q

types of cortical connections

A

interhemispheric and intrahemispheric

51
Q

interhemispheric connection

A

axon projections that connect cortical regions in one hemisphere to the other

52
Q

intrahemispheric connection

A

short or long connection between one lobe and another in the same hemisphere

53
Q

decussations

A

crossings

PSYCH 345 (2 decks)

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