Standard Temperature and Pressure P = 1 atm or 101325 Pa T = 273.15 K or 0°C

Brewery Engineering Flashcards by Brady Schaner

What is Avagadro’s number?

1 [mol] = 6.022 x 10^23 [particles]

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What is the difference between Absolute Pressure and Gauge Pressure?

Absolute Pressure is relative to 0.

Gauge Pressure is relative to atmospheric pressure.

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What is the Ideal Gas Law?

PV = nRT

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What is the Ideal Gas Law Constant “R”?

8.314 Pa*m3/mol*K

Can be in several different forms, check units!

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What is STP?

Standard Temperature and Pressure

P = 1 atm or 101325 Pa
T = 273.15 K or 0°C

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What is the standard molar volume of a gas?

Volume of an ideal gas at STP:

1 [mol gas] = 22.41 [L gas]

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What is Dalton’s Law?

The total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each gas

P_t = P₁ + P₂ + P₃ + …

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What are the 3 classifications of compressed air?

Wet vs. dry
Oiled vs. oil-free
Non-sterile vs sterile

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Describe the Carbonation Triangle:

Simple method of relating mole fraction, moles, volume, and mass for carbonation

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What does a carbonation level of 2.2 volumes mean?

2.2 Liters of CO₂ per Liter of Beer

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What is Henry’s Law?

The amount of gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of taht gas in equilibrium with that liquid.

P = H * x

Where P = partial pressure of the gas, H = Henry’s Constant, and x = some form of concentration

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What 3 conditions are favorable for the solubility of gas into a liquid

Low temperature
High pressure
Fine dispersal

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Bernoulli’s Equation accounts for which 3 types of energy?

Direct pressure
Kinetic energy
Potential energy

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What is Bernoulli’s Equation?

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Name 5 different standard valve types

Ball valve
Butterfly valve
Gate valve
Plug valve
Globe valve

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What are the 4 benefits of usinga Mix-proof double seat valve versus a standard valve?

Two separate sealing elements to prevent fluid mixing
Can be used for automated sanitary applications
Easier and cheaper than using mulitple separate valves
Leakage detection and cleaning via open separation area between seats

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What is viscosity?

Resistance to flow

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What is Reynold’s Number?

Used to determine the characteristic of flow

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What is the Reynold’s Number limit for laminar flow?

For turbulent flow?

Re < 2100, then it is laminar flow
Re > 4000, then it is turbulent flow

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What is the maximum velocity for laminar flow?

For turbulent flow?

For laminar flow, v_max = 2 * v_avg
For turbulent flow, v_max = 1.22 * v_avg

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How is pressure drop due to friction calculated for a pipe?

Darcy’s Equation

How is the friction factor (to be used in Darcy’s Equation) determined for a pipe?

Moody Diagram

Must know the Reynold’s Number and relative roughness of the pipe to determine the friction factor

How is the required pump power output calculated for a system?

How is the pump power output converted to pump power input?

Pump power output is calculated by pump pressure times volumetric flow rate

Pump power input is calculed by the power output divided by the pump efficiency

What are the 3 common methods for accounting for minor losses due to various plumbing features?

Coefficient method
C_v method
Equivalent length method

Match the following to either centrifugal or positive displacement pumps: * Fundamental principle: Continuity, Inertia * Flow Capabilities: Higher, Lower * Pressure Capabilities: Higher, Lower * Deadhead Capability: Yes, No * Efficiency: \>80%, 35-65% * Shear: Higher, Lower

What is a benefit of a peristaltic (hose) pump?

It is highly sanitary since there is no fluid contact with the machinery

What is a benefit of a liquid ring pump?

It can pump gases and liquids without interuption and it can pump in both directions

How is flow rate controlled with a centifugal pump?

1. Fixed rpm motor with a discharge valve 2. VFD

What is the head based working equation of Bernoulli's?

Centrifugal pumps are ________ head devices. A. Variable B. Constant C. Exponential D. Reductive

B The Total Head will always remain constant

What is NPSH?

Net Positive Suction Head It is the calculated available head for a system

What is pump cavitation?

It is when the liquid in a pump turns to a vapor at low pressure due to not enough pressure at the suction end of the pump or due to insufficient NPSH. It results in rapid pressure flucuations within the pump when the vapor bubble collapses and will result in damage to the pump

How is NPSH calculated?

What 4 pump factors can be determined from a Pump Characteristic Curve for a given flow rate and total head?

1. Impeller diameter 2. NPSH required 3. Pump efficiency 4. Motor HP required

Pumps in ______ have same flow but greater head pressure while pumps in ______ have the same head pressure but greater flow.

Series, parallel

What is the point called where the pump characteristic curve and system curve intersect?

The duty point. This relates the theoretical pump curve to account for the pipework and real world application.

How does the system curve change for a pump with regards to a change in flow control valve position vs a change in pump rpm?

Change in the valve position, changes the system curve Change in the rpm, doesn't change the system curve

What is electrical current (I)?

The rate of flow of electrical charge/electrons, measured in Amps

What is electrical voltage (V)?

The electrical potential energy, measured in volts

What is electrical resistance (R)?

The resistance of an electrical conductor to flow of the electrical charge, measured in ohms

What is the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance?

V = I\*R

What is power (P) and how is it calculated?

The rate of work done by an electrical flow P = V\*I or P = V²/R

What is direct current (VDC)?

Constant voltage pushes electrons in one direction. Common supplies are 5, 12, and 24 VDC

What is alternating current (VAC)?

Changing voltage oscillates electrons back and forth Common supplies are 120, 208, 240, and 480 VAC

What is ampacity?

The amp rating for circuit components. Exceeding the ampacity will overheat, melt, and potentially cause a fire.

What is resistance heating?

It is resistance wire connected to a power supply to intentionally produce a designated amount of heat

What is the difference between circuit breakers, fuses, and GFCIs?

* A circuit breaker is a disconnect that trips when amperage through the circuit exceeds the breaker rating, it is resettable. * A fuse is a disconnect that trips when amperage through the circuit exceeds the fuse rating, it is not resettable and needs to be replaced if it trips * A GFCI is will disconnect the circuit in 25-40 ms if any difference in current is detected between outgoing and returning flow, it is resettable.

What are 4 uses for a sensor switch?

1. Thermostat 2. Pressure switch 3. Level switch 4. Position switch

What are the two most common types of flow meter?

1. Differential pressure * Restriction * Pitot tube * Variable area 2. Volumetric * Mechanical turbine * Positive displacment

Which is better for a flow meter spec? Full scale stated accuracy? Flowrate/reading stated accuracy?

Flowrate/reading stated accuracy

What is the benefit of the coriolis flowmeters?

It directly measures mass and density of fluid to calculate the velocity and is extremely accurate with a large turndown ratio. However it is very expensive.