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anatomy 3 > brianto > Flashcards

brianto Flashcards

1
Q

what is the largest lobe of the cerebral cortex?

A

frontal

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2
Q

what are the areas of the frontal lobe?

A

prefrontal cortex
primary motor cortex
brocas area

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3
Q

what is the prefrontal cortex function?

A

decision making
problem solving
complex planning
personality

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4
Q

what is the function of the motor cortex?

A

plan, control and execute voluntary movement

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5
Q

what is the function of pre motor cortex?

A

coordinate learned movements

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6
Q

what is the function of primary motor cortex?

A

control voluntary function and movement

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7
Q

what instigates bilateral movement of extraocular muscles, muscles of upper face, mandible, tongue, larynx and pharynx?

A

primary motor cortex

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8
Q

what is the function of brocas area?

A

production of speech
regulates breathing while speaking
coordinates muscles of larynx, pharynx, lips, cheeks, tongue

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9
Q

where is brocas area usually found?

A

left hemisphere

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10
Q

what is the diagnosis when a patient can conceptualise and comprehend words but cannot form words?

A

brocas aphasia

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11
Q

what is brocas aphasia

A

when a patient can conceptualise and comprehend words but cannot form words - attempt at speech is jumbled

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12
Q

what effect on speech will damage to brocas area have?

A

patient can make sounds but not form words

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13
Q

what is the main function of the parietal lobe?

A

processing sensory information

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14
Q

what areas are located in the parietal lobe?

A

primary somatosensory cortex (post central gyrus)
somatic sensory association area

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15
Q

what is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

tactile sensation
concious perception of pain, pressure, touch, taste, temperature and vibration
sensory homunculus

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16
Q

what is the function of the posterior parietal cortex?

A

spatial perception
spacial attention
cognitive functions
helps us recognise objects in our hands without seeing them

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17
Q

why is more of the brain devoted to the hands head and neck on the homunculus diagram?

A

these are areas with fine movement and lots of sensory nerves - MOM facial expression muscles

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18
Q

what is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

visual processing centre of the brain
contains primary visual cortex

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19
Q

where will you find the visual cortex?

A

occipital lobe around the calcarine sulcus

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20
Q

where does the primary visual cortex receive visual information form?

A

thalamus

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21
Q

where does the visual cortex recieve fibres from?

A

the temporal half of the ipsilateral retina and the medial half of the contralateral retina

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22
Q

what is the function of the secondary visual cortex?

A

relate visual information recieved in primary visual area to past experience

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23
Q

where is the secondary visual cortex?

A

surrounding the primary visual cortex

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24
Q

what is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

process sensory information especially hearing and smell
other function - long term memory formation, process olfactory stimuli, visual perception and recognition

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25
Q

what areas will you find in the temporal lobe?

A

auditory cortex and wernickes area

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26
Q

what is the function of the auditory cortex?

A

hearing, speech, words, pitch and tone

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27
Q

what is the function of wernickes area?

A

understanding speech

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28
Q

what nerve fibres connect brocas and wernickes area?

A

arcuate fasciculus

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29
Q

what is wernickes aphasia?

A

patient can speak words easily but does not know the meaning of the words being used as language comprehension is affected

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30
Q

what lobes are primarily affected and atrophied in alzheimers disease?

A

temporal and parietal

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31
Q

a lesion in which lobe causes memory problems and why?

A

temporal as memory formation is a function of the temporal lobe

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32
Q

why might an alzehimers patient be disorientated?

A

damage to the parietal lobe

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33
Q

what are the portions of frontal, parietal and temporal lobe concealing the insula called?

A

operculum

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34
Q

where is the insula found?

A

deep to the lateral sulcus

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35
Q

what is the function of insula thought to be?

A

anterior - speech
posterior - integrating info related to touch, vision and hearing

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36
Q

what are the fibres passing from the cortex to the thalamus, brainstem and spinal cord and from thalamus to the cortex called?

A

corona radiata

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37
Q

a stroke in the internal capsule on the left hand side affects which side of the body?

A

RHS

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38
Q

what is paresis?

A

motor weakness

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39
Q

what is the main function of the basal nuclei?

A

motor control primarily

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40
Q

what are the 5 basal nuclei?

A

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus which altogether form corpus striatum
subthalmic nucleus
substantia nigra

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41
Q

what forms corpus striatum?

A

caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus

42
Q

where will you find the subthalmic nucleus?

A

diencephalon

43
Q

where will you find the substantia nigra?

A

midbrain

44
Q

where do the basal nuclei project neurons to to relay information to cerebral cortex?

A

thalamus (then relays information to cerebral cortex)

45
Q

what will damage of the basal nuclei cause?

A

loss of control of smooth movements and inability to inhibit antagonistic movements

46
Q

what is an example of a disease caused by damage to basal nuclei?

A

Parkinsons - difficulty initiating movement
huntingtons disease - excessive involuntary jerky movements

47
Q

what connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

A

infundibulum/pituitary stalk

48
Q

what is the function of hypothalamus?

A

maintain homeostasis
-control autonomic systems
-monitor blood glucose
-monitor body temp
-control release of hormones from pituitary through releasing hormones
-circadian cycle

49
Q

where does hypothalamus sit in relation to the thalamus?

A

inferior and anterior

50
Q

what hormones are released from the pituitary gland?

A

GH - growth H
TSH - thyroid stimulating H
FSH - follicle stimulating H
LH - luteinizing H

51
Q

how does pituitary regulate hormone synthesis and release?

A

synthesising releasing and inhibiting factors which control the release of hormones produced by anterior pituitary

52
Q

what lies anterior and slightly superior to pituitary gland?

A

optic chiasm

53
Q

what condition is caused by overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland?

A

acromegaly

54
Q

how might a dentist notice acromegaly?

A

increase in the size of jaw leading to gaps between teeth

55
Q

what are the symptoms of acromegaly?

A

growth of hands and feet
large lips nose and tongue
voice deeper

56
Q

if acromegaly is untreated what are the consequences?

A

high bp
diabetes
sleep apnoea

57
Q

why might diagnosis of acromegaly be slow and difficult?

A

acromegaly is commonly caused by a pituitary tumour and these have a slow growth rate so symptoms can take years to arise

58
Q

what does the ventricular system of the brain do?

A

produce and circulate CSF

59
Q

what are ventricles in the brain?

A

fluid filled cavities that provide protection

60
Q

what cells produce CSF?

A

choroidal epithelial cells of choroid plexus which is located in each ventricle

61
Q

what separates the lateral ventricles?

A

septum pellucidum

62
Q

what connects the third and fourth ventricles?

A

cerebral aqueduct

63
Q

what sits on the lateral sides of the third ventricle in a cross section?

A

thalamus

64
Q

what connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle?

A

inter ventricular foramen

65
Q

where is the fourth ventricle located?

A

between brain stem and cerebellum

66
Q

what spaces does CSF fill and what is its function?

A

ventricles and subarachnoid space
protection and provide buoyancy for brain so its weight does not compress CN roots/BVs

67
Q

how does CSF leave the 4th ventricle?

A

via lateral and median apertures into subarachnoid space

68
Q

what is a subarachnoid cistern?

A

formed when subarachnoid space varies in depth

69
Q

what is the result of a blockage in the ventricular system?

A

accumulation of CSF causing distention of the ventricles and pressure on the cerebral hemispheres

70
Q

where does spinal cord begin and end?

A

begins at foramen magnum as continuation of medulla
ends at L1-L2

71
Q

what is the imnferior end of spinal cord known as?

A

conus medullaris

72
Q

what does the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord between C4 and T1 contribute to?

A

brachial plexus

73
Q

what does the lumbrosacral enlargement at T11-S1 contribute to?

A

lumbrosacral plexus

74
Q

how many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

75
Q

how many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

76
Q

how many sacaral vertebrae are there?

A

5

77
Q

how many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5

78
Q

what does the conus medullaris continue as?

A

filum terminal

79
Q

what is the filum terminale anchored to superiorly and inferiorly?

A

pia mater
coccyx

80
Q

what does the size of the ventral horn of grey mater in spinal cord reflect?

A

how much skeletal muscle is innervated at that level

81
Q

what roots come from dorsal horn of spinal cord?

A

afferent sensory

82
Q

what roots come from ventral horn of spinal cord?

A

efferent motor

83
Q

where are the anterior horns of spinal cord largest?

A

cervical and lumbar as they innervate muscles of limbs

84
Q

what do the ventral motor efferent roots and dorsal sensory afferent roots converge to become?

A

spinal nerve - mixed motor and sensory

85
Q

what converges to become the spinal nerve?

A

ventral motor efferent roots and dorsal sensory afferent roots

86
Q

what do spinal nerves divide into?

A

ventral and dorsal rami

87
Q

where do ventral and dorsal rami of spinal nerves exit?

A

intervertebral foramen

88
Q

all spinal nerves emerge between adjacent vertebrae except for one, which?

A

C1 emerges between occipital bone and atlas

89
Q

how are cervical nerves numbered and what is the exception?

A

according to the vertebra below with the exception of C8 as there are 7 cervical vertebrae but 8 cervical nerves

90
Q

cervical nerves are numbered according to the vertebra below, how are all other spinal nerves numbered ?

A

according to the vertebra above

91
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

92
Q

what protects and encloses the spinal cord?

A

cranial meninges dura, arachnoid, pia

93
Q

what lies between the dura and vertebrae?

A

fatty tissue (epidural fat) for protection and venous plexus

94
Q

what must be ruled out before a lumbar puncture to sample CSF?

A

raised intercranial pressure

95
Q

what forms the denticulate ligament?

A

pia mater

96
Q

which spinal nerve has no dermatome?

A

C1 - ant. face and scalp is supplied by CNV

97
Q

what is the name given to an area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve?

A

dermatome

98
Q

what is a dermatome?

A

an area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

99
Q

what is the name given to the unilateral mass of muscle supplied by a single cranial nerve?

A

myotome

100
Q

what is a myotome?

A

unilateral mass of muscle supplied by a single cranial nerve

101
Q

where do efferent motor fibres travel?

A

CNS to PNS

102
Q

where do sensory afferent fibres travel?

A

PNS to CNS

anatomy 3 (3 decks)

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