Brit: 1500-1688 Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
When did Leonardo da Vinci paint the Mona Lisa?
A
Ca. 1504
2
Q
When did Michaelangelo paint the Sistine Chapel ceiling?
A
1508-12
3
Q
What year does Henry VII die, and Henry VIII assume the throne?
A
1509
4
Q
Praise of Folly was written by what “humanist” thinker, and in what year?
A
Desiderius Erasmus; 1511
5
Q
What year was James IV of Scotland killed at the Battle of Flodden, and succeeded by James V?
A
1513
6
Q
In what year did Thomas More write Utopia?
A
1516
7
Q
In what year did Ludovico Ariosto write Orlando furioso?
A
1516
8
Q
In what year did Martin Luther write his Ninety-Five Theses, beginning the Reformation in Germany?
A
1517
9
Q
When does John Skelton write “The Tunning of Elinour Rumming”?
A
Ca. 1517
10
Q
In what year does Cortes invade Mexico, and Magellen begin his voyage around the world?
A
1519
11
Q
In what year does Pope Leo X name Henry VIII “Defender of the Faith”?
A
1521
12
Q
When are Thomas Wyatt’s poems circulating in manuscript?
A
1520s-30s
13
Q
In what year does William Tyndale produce his English translation of the New Testament?
A
1525
14
Q
What year does Baldassare Castiglione write The Courtier?
A
1528
15
Q
During what years is Thomas More Lord Chancelor?
A
1529-32
16
Q
Henry VIII divorce Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn; Elizabeth I is born; Henry Declares himself head of the Church of England. When do these events happen?
A
1532-34
17
Q
What year does Nicolo Machiavelli write The Prince?
A
1532
18
Q
What year is Thomas More beheaded?
A
1535
19
Q
What year is Calvin’s theocracy established at Geneva?
A
1537
20
Q
What year does John Calvin write The Institution of Christian Religion?
A
1537
21
Q
What year witness the Roman Inquisition?
A
1542
22
Q
What year does James V of Scotland die, succeeded by infant daughter Mary?
A
1542
23
Q
When does Copernicus write On the Revolution of the Spheres?
A
1543
24
Q
What year does Henry VIII die, and (Protestant) Edward VI accede to the throne?
A
1547
25
What year does the Book of Homilies appear?
1547
26
What year does the Book of Common Prayer appear?
1549
27
What year does Edward VI die?
1553
28
In 1553, after the death of Edward VI, an attempt was made to put someone on the throne; who was it, and what was the person's religious affiliation?
1553
29
What year does Catholic Queen Mary, daughter of Catherine of Aragon, accede to the throne?
1553
30
When are Archbishop Cranmer and former bishops Latimer and Ridley burned at the stake?
1555-56
31
When does Tottel's Songs and Sonnets appear (printing poems by Wyatt, Surrey, and others)?
1557
32
What year does Queen Mary die, succeeded by Protestant Elizabeth I?
1558
33
When does John Foxe's Acts and Monuments appear?
1563
34
When is Thomas Norton and Thomas Sackville's play, Gorboduc, first acted? What is the play's distinguishing feature?
1561; it's the first English blank-verse tragedy
35
When does Arthur Golding translate Ovid's Metamorphoses?
1567
36
When is Mary, Queen of Scots, forced to abdicate, succeeded by her son James VI, and is then imprisoned in England?
1567-68
37
What year is Elizabeth I excommunicated by Pope Pius V?
1570
38
What year does the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of French Protestants occur?
1572
39
What year is James Burbage's playhouse, The Theater, built in London?
1576
40
When does Drake's circumnavigation of the globe occur?
1577-80
41
When does John Lyly write Euphues?
1578
42
When does Edmund Spenser write The Shepheardes Calender?
1579
43
When does Montaigne write his Essais?
1580
44
What year is the Irish rebellion crushed?
1583
45
When does Sir Walter Raleigh make his earliest attempts to colonize Virginia?
1584-87
46
When is Mary, Queen of Scots, tried for treason and executed?
1586-87
47
When is Marlowe's Tamburlaine being acted?
1587-90
48
When is Shakespeare beginning his career as an actor and playwright?
1587-90
49
What is the Spanish Armada's failed invasion?
1588
50
When does Sir Philip Sydney write Arcadia? (Note: it isn't published until after his death)
1590
51
When does Spenser write books 1-3 of the Faerie Queene?
1590
52
When does Sidney write Astrophil and Stella?
1591
53
When are John Donne's earliest poems circulating in manuscript?
Ca. 1592
54
When is Sidney's The Defense of Poesy published?
1595
55
When is Raleigh's voyage to Guiana?
1595
56
When does Spenser write Books 4-6 of The Faerie Queene?
1596
57
When does Ben Jonson write Every Man in His Humor?
1598
58
What year does the Glob Theater open?
1599
59
What year does Elizabeth I die, succeed by James VI of Scotland (as James I), inaugurating the Stuart dynasty?
1603
60
When does the English language really begin to take on prestige?
End of 16th century
61
When is the reign of the Tudor dynasty? It is followed by what dynasty?
1485-1603; Stewart
62
The 16th century witnessed the consolidation of the English state as well as the development of the language. Such improvements would have been difficult in the decades before the Tudor dynasty. What is the most(?) obvious reason for this?
The Wars of the Roses, vicious and decades long (1455-85) had damaged the social and economic health of the nation.
63
Name two factors that allowed Henry VII to counter the multiple and competing power structures characteristic of feudal society and develop a much stronger central authority?
1. The Wars of the Roses had left England's barons impoverished and divided, and could not effectively oppose the Crown. 2. The leaders of the Church also generally supported royal power.
64
The court was a center of power and also culture, shaping the taste and imagination of the country. Why, in Tudor England, were power and culture so inseparable?
"In a society with no freedom of speech as we understand it and with relatively limited means of mass communication, important public issues were often aired indirectly, through . . . entertainment, and lyrics that to us seem slight and nonchalant could serve as carefully designed manifestations of rhetorical agility by aspiring courtiers." (Norton 533).
65
For advice on the cultivation and display of the self, Tudor courtiers could resort to what influential guide? Who wrote this guide, and around when?
Il Cortegiano (The Courtier); Baldassare Castiglione; 1528
66
Why were Tudor courtiers so adept at crafting and deciphering graceful words with double or triple meanings?
The anxious court atmosphere required politically sophisticated speech, requiring diplomacy and caution alongside the usual need for effective communication.
67
If court culture fostered performances for a small coterie audience, other forces in Tudor England pulled toward a more public sphere. What are some of these developments in public life?
Markets expanding; international trade flourishing; the rapid growth of cities across the realm
68
During what 30-year span did London's population soar from 60,000 to 120,000
1520-50 (a century later, the number was 375,000)
69
What developments may have facilitated a shift in the activity of reading, from a primarily public to a primarily private activity? When do these events occur?
Caxton's press in 1476; Protestantism's encouragement of a personal interaction with the Bible; the process begins in the 15th but flourishes in the 16th century.
70
What caused the adoption of print (after Caxton) to be less sudden and more gradual than many people today assume it was?
Manuscripts retained considerable prestige among the elite: well into the 17th century, court poets were wary of the "stigma of print" that might mark their verse as less exclusive. Caxton generally printed books that were more medieval than modern (even if just in tone).
71
The Italian Renaissance was stimulated by the recovery of texts and artifacts from classical antiquity, and the development of new techniques (like linear perspective) and new aesthetic principles based on classical models. What kind of cultural changes did this help inaugurate?
New ideas about society, politics, and economics began to displace the spiritual values of the Middle Ages. The achievements of the pagan philosophers of ancient Greece and Rome came to seem more compelling than subtle distinctions of Christian theologians. Instead of the submission of the human spirit to penitential discipline, there was new curiosity, individual self-assertion, and the conviction that man was the measure of all things. According to Renaissance values, the human was often seen as a self-molder.
72
When, and under what conditions, did the Italian Renaissance begin to affect English culture?
Only beginning with the reign of Henry VIII was England stable enough for cultural growth. 15th and 16th century English clerics and government officials had journeyed to Italy and seen the flowering there.
73
The Italian Renaissance and its counterpart flowering in England share many ideals. What is different about the forms in which these ideals are expressed, between the two countries?
Italian Renaissance occurs primarily in painting, sculpture, and architecture. In England, the ideals are much more evident in the blossoming intellectual program and literary vision known as humanism.
74
Erasmus, More, and other humanists attacked the narrowness and hair-splitting of scholastic philosophers. In particular, they objected to scholastics' rigid adherence to what philosopher?
Aristotle
75
John Colet, Sir Thomas Elyot, and Roger Ascham all belonged to what philosophical and aesthetic movement?
Humanism
76
English intellectuals like William Gilbert, William Harvey, Francis Bacon, and continental intellectuals like Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, and Andreas Vesalius all had in common what pan-European medium?
Latin
77
What type of literary contributions were made by Sir Thomas Hoby, Sir John Harington, and John Florio?
They translated important works into English. Sir Thomas Hoby > Castiglione's Il Cortegiano; Sir John Harington > Ariosto's Orlando Furioso; John Florio > Montaigne's Essais
78
Explain "sola scriptura" and "sola fide"
Common watchwords of the Protestant Reformation; Luther held that religious authority was being arrogated by the Pope under the influence of the devil
79
Name two figures who elaborated on protestant theories--one from Zurich, Switzerland, and one from Geneva.
Swiss pastor Ulrich Zwingli and French theologian John Calvin
80
Why didn't the pope grant Henry permission to divorce Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn
Pressure from Catherine's powerful Spanish family
81
What year did Henry VIII force the entire clergy of England to beg pardon for having usurped royal authority in the administration of canon law?
1531
82
What year was Henry VIII excommunicated? Which Pope excommunicated him?
1535; Clement VII
83
What year was the first Act of Supremacy? What rights did it grant the king?
1534; it made him the supreme head of the Church of England
84
Under Henry VIII's powerful secretary of state, England's monasteries were suppressed and their vast wealth confiscated by the crown to be given to the king's followers. What was the name of the secretary of state, and around when were these seizures occurring?
Thomas Cromwell; between 1536-39
85
In the same year that Fisher and More were martyred for their adherence to Roman Catholicism, twenty-five others were burned alive--for what? What was their affiliation?
Heresy; they were members of the (Protestant) Anabaptist sect
86
Henry VIII died in what year? Who took the throne?
1547; Edward VI (by Henry's third wife, Jane Seymour)
87
When the child Edward VI became king in 1547, the English Church quickly began to change. Why?
Edward was a Protestant; his successive Protectors, the dukes of Somerset and Northumberland, were also staunch Protestants.
88
Who formulated the forty-two articles of religion which became the core of Anglican orthodoxy? What other major work did he write? In whose reign did this occur?
Thomas Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury; the first Book of Common Prayer (officially adopted in 1549 as the basis of English worship services); the reign of Edward VI
89
After only six years on the throne, the sickly Edward VI died in what year? He was succeeded by whom?
1553; he was succeeded by his Catholic half-sister Mary (Henry VIII's daughter by his first wife, Catherine)
90
When Queen Mary died childless in 1558, Elizabeth took the throne. During her coronation procession, she did something unusual, which sent a strong message to everyone watching. What was it?
When a girl in an allegorical pageant presented her with a Bible in English--banned under Mary's reign--Elizabeth kissed the book, held it up reverently, and held it to her breast. This carefully choreographed gesture signaled England's return to the Reformation.
91
After Elizabeth took the throne, Protestant exiles streamed back into England, eager not only to rectify the damage Mary had caused, but to take the Reformation further than it had ever gone. A minority even sought to dismantle the church hierarchy, purge the calendar of folk customs, smash "idolatrous" statues and alterpieces, etc. etc. What was this minority? What was Elizabeth's reaction?
Puritans; Elizabeth was Protestant but did not welcome anything like zealotry, and did not allow the Puritans to accomplish their agenda.
92
Elizabeth was drawn to the idea of royal absolutism, not then in practice in England. Opposition to her will was made to feel not just treasonous but blasphemous. How was this monarch-God relationship strengthened by absolutist rhetoric of the time, regardless of the behavior of the monarch in question?
Supporters of absolutism argued that God commands obedience even to manifestly wicked rulers whom He has sent to punish mankind for their sins. This rhetoric was incorporated into speeches, political tracts, sermons, and in the Book of Homilies that clergymen were required to read out to their congregations.
93
Despite Elizabeth's attraction to absolutism, her power was not absolute. The government had a network of spies, informers, and agents provocateurs, but lacked what crucial apparatuses?
A standing army; a national police force, an efficient system of communication, and an extensive bureaucracy.
94
What was the cult of love in Tudor England?
Elizabeth relied heavily on rhetoric surrounding love--she loved her court and courtiers, and they were expected to love her in return. The effect was to turn Elizabeth's gender from a potential liability to a significant asset.
95
In the Elizabethan cult of love, courtiers often expressed their admiration for Elizabeth in what two pronounced ways?
They could pine after her using secular terms, likening her to pagan goddesses like Diana, Astraea, Cynthia, or the type of cruelly chaste mistress one sees in a Petrarch sonnet; alternatively, they could venerate her in sacred terms, comparing her to the Virgin Mary.
96
Why was Sir Walter Raleigh, one of the queen's glittering favorites, imprisoned and executed?
He married without the queen's knowledge and consent
97
Surrounded by Catholic and Protestant extremists, Elizabeth contrived to forge a moderate compromise that enabled her realm to avert the massacres and civil wars that poisoned France and other countries of the Continent. But danger was always lurking near. What did this mean for Mary, Queen of Scots?
The Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had been driven from her own kingdom in 1568 and took refuge in England, living under a kind of house arrest. After unearthing an assassination plot in the correspondence between the Queen of Scots and the Catholic Anthony Babington, Mary was beheaded.
98
In order to rally a detachment of soldiers before the invasion of the Invincible Armada in 1588, Elizabeth appeared before them dressed in a white gown and a silver breastplate. What iconic words did she speak?
"I know I have the body but of a weak and feeble woman," but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England too."
99
Describe the average Englishman's regional identity in the 1400's. When does a strong national identity develop in England? What events brought this about?
In the 1400's people were more likely to identify with the international community of Christendom or with their local region, such as Kent or Cornwall. National identity develops in the 16th century as a result of a number of things, including the discovery of the New World, the break with Rome, and the victory over the Spanish Armada in 1588.
100
Medieval England's Jewish population, the object of ceaseless violent persecution, was officially expelled by King Edward I in 1290. But Elizabethan England harbored a tiny number of Jews. What were Elizabethans' feelings for these Jews?
A mixture of immense fascination, uncertainty, and hostility. Jews were the subject of much speculation among Elizabethans, who seemed very undecided about whether Judaism referred to a people, a foreign nation, a set of strange practices, a living faith, a defunct religion, a villainous conspiracy, or a messianic inheritance.
101
What was the Elizabethans' view of Africans? Name one example of this attitude.
Blackness might be seen as a disease, the result of exposure to the sun, or the curse of Ham's son, Cush. Most of all, they were seen as exotic curiosities. At his marriage to Anne of Denmark, James VI of Scotland (son of Mary, Queen of Scots) entertained his bride and her family by commanding four naked black youths to dance before him in the snow. They died of exposure shortly afterward. In the later decades of the 16th century, they became fashionable as servants in aristocratic households.
102
What was Elizabeth's relationship with the slave trade?
She is reported to have said that it venture was "detestable, and would call down the Vengeance of Heaven upon the Undertakers," but she invested profitably from the slave trade and loaned ships to be used for transporting slaves.
103
Elizabeth was invested in many enterprises combining aggressive nationalism and the pursuit of profit. What was the most covert of these investments?
Piracy; English ships regularly seized Spanish ships returning from the New World laden with possessions. The queen publicly denounced the piracy but invested in it covertly.
104
Before Elizabeth's reign, there was no freedom of the press but state control of printed books was poorly organized. Around the time Elizabeth became queen, however, the Stationers Company received its charter, and became responsible for the licensing of books. What year did this happen? Two years after this, what new restriction was placed on book licensing?
1557; two years later, stationers were commanded to license only books that had been approved by either six privy councilors or the archbishop of Canterbury and the bishop of London.
105
How effective was the Stationers' Company at regulating the licensing of books?
Not terribly: undesirable books were never effectively suppressed, though there were occasional trials and horrendous punishments.
106
How well did printed plays and secular poetry sell in Elizabethan England?
Sometimes they sold well (Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part 1 was printed 7 times in 25 years), but they could never compete with religious writing (compare "The Psalms in English Meter," published 124 times between 1583-1608).
107
Folios were generally reserved for what types of works?
Ones regarded as meriting especially respectful treatment. Raphael Holinshed's The Chronicles of England, Scotlande, and Irelande (1577) appeared in folio, whereas Spenser's The Faerie Queene was printed as a quarto both in 1590 and 1596 (it finally appeared in folio in 1609).
108
Who work did Raphael Holinshed write in 1577?
The Chronicles of England, Scotlande, and Irelande
109
How were financial rewards achieved for writing prose or poetry?
Mostly from wealthy patrons seeking to enhance their status.
110
What were England's universities mainly devoted to before Elizabeth's time, and how did this change under her reign?
They were devoted to educating the clergy. While this remained an important function, the sons of the gentry and aristocracy under Elizabeth increasingly attended universities and the Inns of Court (law schools), not in order to take religious orders or practice law, but to prepare for public service or the management of their estates. Less affluent students, like Marlowe and Spenser, attended Oxford or Cambridge on scholarship.
111
What access did women have to education in Elizabethan England?
Protestantism encouraged reading of the Bible, spurring moderate literacy, but women had no access to grammar schools, universities, or the Inns of Court, and were not encouraged in their outside reading, let alone writing. Writing skills in women were thought to be useless at best, and dangerous at worst. Some humanists pushed back against this mentality somewhat.
112
Desiderius Erasmus published a work called De copia. What year did he publish it, and what was it designed to teach the reader?
1512; "copiousness," or verbal richness, in discourse. (The work provides a list of 144 ways of saying "thank you for your letter")
113
In Renaissance England, certain syntactic forms or patterns of words known as "figures" or "schemes" were shaped and repeated in order to confer beauty or heighten expressive power. Examples: hyperbole and irony. Children memorized up to one hundred of these just as we would memorize multiplication tables. This isn't a quiz question.
Huzzzzzah!
114
Discuss Elizabethans' attitude toward art in a few phrases.
Appreciation for ornament and elaborate display, extreme contrasts, though they also appreciated simplicity where it seemed appropriate. Art was thought to be an improvement on nature.
115
The 16th century is known for the improvements in England of what musical instrument?
The voice; popular ballads, madrigals, airs, hymns, popular ballads, rounds, catches, and other forms of song enjoyed immense popularity not only in the court or in aristocratic households, but in less exalted social circles like taverns or the theater.
116
Compare Elizabethan attitudes toward surface appearances to that of modern times.
Modern responses to art often evidence a suspicion of surfaces and a desire to rip away the mask; Renaissance aesthetics delighted in the highly patterned surfaces of things, believing that the universe itself had in its basic construction the ingredients or basic construction of the beauty and concord of a poem or piece of music.
117
What were syntax and punctuation like in the 16th century?
Looser and more flexible than ours, introducing both confusion and increased facility in tracking thoughts through their twists and turns (cf. later writers like Blake, or even Joyce)
118
A sense of wonder animates much of the 16th century's poetry, as if things were being seen for the first time. What word for this wonder or splendor is used very frequently in Shakespeare's The Tempest?
"Brave"
119
Describe Renaissance poetry's relationship with mimesis.
Generally, the poetry was interested less in representational accuracy than in the magical power of exquisite workmanship to draw readers into fabricated worlds. Successful imitation was greatly valued but seems to have been subservient to cunning illusion.
120
What didactic role is accomplished by Elizabethan poetry, with its emphasis on beauty?
Human sinfulness has corrupted life, robbing it of the sweet wholesomeness that it had once possessed in Eden, but poetry can mark the way (or even propel readers) back to a more virtuous and fulfilled existence.
121
The poet alone is free to range "within the zodiac of his own wit" and create a second nature, better than the fallen world. "Her world is brazen, the poets only deliver a golden." Whose words are these, and in what work, and when was this written?
Sir Philip Sidney; Defense of Poesy; it was written around 1579 but published (posthumously) in 1595.
122
Among the most prominent of the clusters of conventions used to discuss art in the Elizabethan period were those that defined the main literary modes. What term does Sidney use for these modes? Name seven examples.
"Kinds"; pastoral, heroic, lyric, satiric, elegiac, tragic, and comic.
123
How representative of the times is Spenser's spectacular mixing of romance, medieval allegory, pastoral, satire, mythological narrative, comedy, philosophical meditation, and other genres, in The Faerie Queene?
It is an extreme example of England's characteristic disregard for the unities at the time. This contrasted with mainstream aesthetic values on the Continent, where the Aristotelian unities were oftener adhered to.
124
By the 15th century, and probably earlier, there were organized companies of players travelling about the country. How did they earn their living?
They earned a precarious living providing amusement, while enhancing the prestige of the patron whose livery they wore and whose protection they enjoyed (hence, the Lord Chamberlain's Men, the Lord Admiral's Men, etc.)
125
What could happen to English professional actors who were not protected by a patron?
By statutes enjoining productive labor, actors without another, ordinary trade could have been classified as vagabonds and whipped or branded.
126
Before the construction of the public theaters, the playing companies often performed short plays called "interludes." What were these?
In effect, staged dialogues on religious, moral, and political themes. (E.g. Henry Medwall's Fulgens and Lucrece, or John Heywood's The Play of the Weather).
127
The Roman playwright Seneca's influence on Elizabethan drama emerged in what popular genre of the time? What were some of this genre's consistent features? Name two examples from the period.
Revenge tragedy; violent plots, resounding rhetorical speeches, ghosts thirsting for blood, and wronged protagonists who plot and execute revenge, destroying themselves in the process. Thomas Kyd's Spanish Tragedy (1592) and Shakespeare's Hamlet
128
What innovation occurred in the Elizabethan theater regarding the public's payment for plays?
Admission fees were charged for the first time, rather than having players ask for donations after the play.
129
What year does Pope Gregory XIII declare that the assassination of Elizabeth would not constitute a mortal sin?
1580
130
What year is the Essex rebellion?
1601
131
What year is a permanent English colony established at Jamestown, Virginia?
1607
132
The KJV is first published in
1611
133
What year does James I die? He is succeeded by?
1625; Charles I
134
Between 1629 and 1638, Charles I attempted to rule without
summoning parliament
135
England's Civil War breaks out in
1642
136
What year do the theaters close in England? Why?
1642; outbreak of Civil War
137
What year does Milton write Areopagitica? What are the core arguments?
1644; Argues vigorously against press censorship and for toleration of most Protestants (but not Catholics!)
138
What year is Charles I beheaded? Followed by what period?
1649; Interregnum
139
When is the Interregnum? What is Oliver Cromwell's title?
1649-90; Oliver Cromwell is Lord Protector until his death in 1658
140
The Protectorate ends, and Charles II is invited back to be monarch, in what year? Known as the?
1660; Restoration
141
During the 16th and 17th centuries, what city is the largest and fastest-growing in Europe?
London
142
List five differences between Early Modern (EM) tragedy and Classical (C) tragedy
1. EM has sub plots, comic relief; C doesn't
2. EM often disregards Aristotle's unities
3. In production, EM roles might be written for particular actors, allowing for "ghosting" by prvs roles
4. EM individual responsibility; C fatalism
5. EM characters have more interiority
143
List five key differences between Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra and Dryden's
1. Sh writes as chronicler/historian; D as poet
2. Sh has far more characters
3. Sh has two protagonists; D just one (Anthony)
4. Sh travels between Alexandria and Rome; D respects dramatic unities
5. Octavia vs. Cleopatra doesn't exist in Sh
144
What year is Charles II restored to the throne, reopening theaters?
1660
145
What year does the Act of Uniformity require all clergy to obey the Church of England?
1662
146
What year does the Royal Society receive its charter?
1662
147
What years are the Great Plague of London?
1664-66
148
What year is much of London destroyed by fire?
1666
149
What year is the first edition of Paradise Lost published?
1667
150
What year is Dryden's Essay of Dramatic Poesy published?
1668
151
When does John Milton live?
1608-74
152
When does Dryden become poet laureate?
1668
153
What year does the Test Act require all officeholders to swear allegiance to Anglicanism?
1673
154
The first part of Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress is published
1678
155
The "Popish Plot" inflames anti-Catholic feeling in
1678
156
Charles II dissolves Parliament in
1681
157
Dryden writes Absalom and Achitophel
1681
158
What year does Charles II die? What is the name of his Catholic brother, who takes the throne?
1685; James II
159
What year does Newton publish the Principia Mathematica?
1687
160
What year does Aphra Behn publish Oroonoko?
1688
161
When is the Glorious Revolution? Who is exiled and who accedes to the throne?
1688-89; James II; his Protestant daughter, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange
