1
Q
ALBERTI’S 10 BOOKS OF ARCHITECTURE
CHAPTERS
A
- LINEAMENTS
- MATERIALS
- CONSTRUCTION
- PUBLIC WORKS
- WORKS O INDIVIDUALS
- ORNAMENT
- ORNAMENT TO SACRED BLDGS
- ORNAMENT TO PUBLIC SECULAR BLDGS
- ORNAMENT TO PRIVATE BLDGS
- RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS
2
Q
PALAZZO PITTI
A
PALAZZO PITTI
- 1458, LUCA PITTI RESIDENCE
- Archt: LUCA FANCELLI pupil of Brunelleschi
- Style: more utilitarian domestic than humanist rules (Alberti)
- 1549, PURCHASED BY MEDICI Fam.
3
Q
GIORGIO VASARI
A
- 1511 - 1574, FLORENCE
- considered 1ST ART HISTORIAN
- PAINTER, ARCHITECT, WRITER HISTORIAN
- “Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, & Architects” (1550)
- first used “RENAISSANCE” in print
- built the UFFIZI LOGGIA that faces the Arno River
4
Q
LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI
A
- 1404 - 1472, FLORENCE
- Wealthy background, well educated
- Rennaissance Humanist AUTHOR, ARTIST, ARCHITECT, POET PRIEST, LINGUIST
- ARCHITECTURE:
- Facade Rucellai Palace, 1446
- Facade Santa Maria Novella
- DE RE AEDIFICATORIA, 1452
- in the spirit of Vitruvius’ ten books
- “The Art of Building in 10 Books”
5
Q
FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI
A
- 1377 - 1446, FLORENCE
- SCULPTOR AND ARTIST FIRST, THEN BECAME ARCHITECT
- FLORENCE DUOMO
- LINEAR PERSPECTIVE
- Other Arch:
- Foundling Hospital (1419-45), columns ht. = arch
- Basilica San Lorenzo (1421-42), central nave, old sacristy
- Basilica Santo Spirito (1434-66), nave ht = 2x width, Corinthian columns
- Pazzi Chapel (1430-44)
6
Q
SANTA MARIA DEL FIORE
A
- FLORENCE DUOMO
- orig. Santa Reparata
- construction lasted 140 years
- 1296, ARNOLFO DI CAMBIO, designed in Gothic style
- 1303, Giotto and Andrea Pisano take over
- 1348, Black Death slows work
- 1418, Competition for Dome - BRUNELLESCHI
- 1420-1436 DOME CONSTRUCTION
- first octagonal dome
- influenced by Pantheon
- commitment to reject the gothic buttresses of France
*
7
Q
ARNOLFO DI CAMBIO
A
- 1240 - 1303, TUSCANY
- 1266 - 1267, worked in Rome for Charles I of Anjou
- Giorgio Vasari wrote a biography in: ‘Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects’
- started original Santa Maria del Fiore, 1296
8
Q
COSIMO DE’ MEDICI
A
- 1389 - 1464, FLORENCE
- BANKER POLITICIAN
- POWER WAS NOT ABSOLUTE
- FOUNDED FIRST LIBRARY IN FLORENCE, SAN MARCO
- MICHELOZZO, ARCHITECT
9
Q
MECHELOZZO DI BARTOLOMEO MICHELOZZI
A
- 1396 - 1472, FLORENCE, “MICHELOZZO”
- PUPIL OF LORENZO GHIBERTI
- PALAZZO MEDICI RICCARDI, 1444 - 1484
10
Q
“THE SECURITY, DIGNITY, AND HONOR OF THE REPUBLIC DEPEND GREATLY ON THE ARCHITECT…HE SHOULD NO DOUBT BE ACCORDED PRAISE AND RESPECT”
A
ALBERTI’S PROLOGUE
11
Q
MERIDIAN GATE
A
(Beijing & Suzhou)
- Southern and largest gate of the Forbidden City in Beijing
- The gate has 5 arches, central was for the emperor
- The superstructure is also called the ‘5 phoenix turrets’
- because it is composed of 5 bldgs
- Behind the view is the Upright Gate
- The next gate is the Gate of Supreme Harmony
12
Q
GATE OF SUPREME HARMONY
A
(Beijing & Suzhou)
- The second major gate in the south of the Forbidden City
- originally built during the Ming dynasty
- Emperor held morning court sessions here to discuss state affairs - more ceremonial
- Qing dynasty took court sessions more diligently and were moved to the gate of heavenly purity
- The gate is 3 bays deep and 7 bays wide and flanked by two minor gates
13
Q
PALACE OF HEAVENLY PURITY
A
(Beijing & Souzhou)
- or Qianqing Palace
- a palace w/in the Forbidden City
- the largest of the three halls of the Inner Court (other two are Hall of Union & Palace of Earthly Tranquility)
- Qing dynasty used as the Emperor’s audience hall and where he held court with the Grand Council
- Double eaved bldg and set on a single level white marble platform
14
Q
Yingzao Fashi
A
(Beijing & Suzhou)
- [State Building Standards] by Li Jie
- Emperor Huizong of Song dynasty had it published
- treatise on architectural methods or state building standards
- to provide a unified set of architectural standards for builders, architects, and literate craftsmen as well as engineering agencies of the central government
- 1st published 1100
15
Q
A
(Beijing & Suzhou)
- ZHUZHENG YUAN/ARTLESS ADMIN GARDEN
- illustrative of scholar class values
- Suzhou, China
- Ming Dynasty 1506-21
- Wang Xianchen, imperial envoy and poet wanted to retire and built this garden
- the garden was swampland and needed to be terraformed
16
Q
FENG-SHUI
A
(Beijing Suzhou)
- system of laws considered to govern spatial arrangement and orientation in relation to the flow of energy (qi) and whose favorable or unfavorable effects are taken into account when siting and designing buildings
- “wind-water”
- a way of accomodating the irregularity of nature
- systematic geometry
17
Q
DOUGONG SYSTEM
A
(Beijing & Suzhou)
- a unique structural element of interlocking wooden brackets
18
Q
JIAN (bay)
A
(Beijing & Suzhou)
- Chinese structures begin with the common denominators jian, kaijian and jia.
- jian, a fundamental measure of width is a span between two lateral columns or pillars that constitute a bay
- jian can also be viewed as the expanse between four columns comprising the two dim floor space
19
Q
FORBIDDEN CITY
A
- Ming Dynasty seizes control from Mongols in 1368
- a palace of ritual display and home to a court composed of thousands of family members, officials and servants
- Capital of China moves from Beijing to Nanjing and back to Beijing where Yongle emperor started construction of Forbidden City, still the worlds largest palace and the center of Chinese govt until the declaration of the republic in 1912
- *two key precedents
- long history of planned Chinese capital cities
- the courtyard house where axial relationship to N-S and E-W are important
- Other important elements
- mountains to the north
- main gate typ located at the south
20
Q
Main elements of scholar Chinese Garden
A
- main elements of scholar Chinese garden
- the hall, the water, and the mountain
- the hall was the arch element to look out over the garden
- from one’s desk there one would write a poem or paint
- views are carefully framed through unglazed openings
- gardens were primarily to be looked at
- the watercourse is irregular and the edge is hard to discern
- the variety of viewing experiences was prized over the size of the garden
- Mountains were represented metaphorically by carefully arranged stones
- respite from strict governing of ming dynasty and qing Chinese environments
21
Q
BRAMANTE DONATO
A
- 1444 - 1514
- trained in Urbino and practiced in Milan
- close to Leonardo Da Vinci
- Tempietto marked the beginning of the High Renaissance, 1502
- his plan for St. Peter’s Basilica formed the basis of design executed by Michelangelo
- emphasized massing rather the planar surfaces upon which Brunelleschi and Alberti had focused
22
Q
A
- Tempietto, Rome
- Donato Bramante, 1502
- commissioned by Cardinal Bernardino Carvajal on behalf of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
- the first time Renaissance architect used Doric triglyphs to establish a rhythm of niched openings and applied orders in this case as pilasters
- fused respect for antiquity to Christian purposes
- site of where St. Peter is believed to have been crucified
23
Q
POPE JULIUS II
A
- elected pope, 1503
- commissioned the Sistine Chapel
- commissioned renovation and expansion of Belvedere villa set tone for 16th cent palace and garden architecture
- Commissioned the rebuilding of Saint Peter’s
- originally begun by Constantine, the first Christian Roman Emperor
- first stone laide in 1506
24
Q
San Pietro
St. Peter’s
A
- San Pietro / St. Peter’s
- Commissioned by Pope Julius II
- built over original built by Constantine
- Raphael took over after Bramante died in 1514
- Antonio da Sangallo the Younger
- Michelangelo, 1554
- compositional clarity unified both interior and exterior expression of space
- giant order of pilasters est dominant vert echoed in the columns of the dome
- double-shell dome sim to Florence
- incorporated ancient roman orders like tempietto
- projecting columns of drum doubled as buttresses
ARH 7020
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Decks in class (3)
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