C&M1 conditions

Question 1

What is amelia? What causes this?

Answer 1

complete absence of a limb

loss of early fgf signalling

Question 2

what is meromelia? what causes this?

Answer 2

partial absence of limb

later loss of fgf signalling

Question 3

phocomelia what is it and what causes it?

Answer 3

early formation of digits, loss of limb

caused by tetrogens eg. thalidomide fgf 8 and 10 halted

Question 4

what is Syndactyly? what causes it?

Answer 4

fusion of digits

lack of apoptosis

Question 5

what is polydacytly? what causes it?

Answer 5

multiple digit formation

excess sonic hedgehog activity

Question 6

what Is Ectrodactyly
? what is it also known as?
what causes it?

Answer 6

split hand and foot
also known as lobster claw deformity
failure of AER formation

Question 7

what is winged scapula? which nerve is involved and muscle?
How can we test for it?
name three causes

Answer 7

scapula at back visible 
long thoracic
serratus anterior
push against a wall
deliberate or accidental injury, neurtitis

Question 8

what can inflammation of a bursa cause?
which is the most common location?
whan can occur eventually?

Answer 8

buritis
subacrominal most common
calcification

Question 9

what is painful arc syndrome?

Answer 9

calcification of a bursa
painful to abductor 50-130 degrees
males 50 y/o +
supraspinatus muscle

Question 10

what is rotator cuff injury? outline the symptoms

Answer 10

one or more tendon torn
arm drops to side after abduction to 90 degrees
supraspinatus

Question 11

dislocation of shoulder joint is common in who?

Answer 11

young adults, hyper-extension
usually by throwing cricket ball etc
anterior-inferior direction -95%
axillary nerve at risk of damage

Question 12

how does a patient typical present with shoulder joint dislocation?

Answer 12

deltoid atrophy

prominent acromium and humeral head, flattened shoulder

Question 13

which two nerves are involved in paralyzed abduction?

Answer 13

supraspinatus muscle - therefore suprascapular nerve
scapular fracture
can usualy produce first 15 degrees

deltoid- axillary nerve- usually fracture of humerus

both c5 and c6

Question 14

what is quadrangular space syndrome?

Answer 14

compression of axilliary nerve (or posterior humeral circumflex artery/vein)
paraesthesia down arm
young adults - sporty

Question 15

which direction is dislocation of the elbow joint likely to occur and what is likely to be the cause of this?

Answer 15

80-90% posterior dislocation
hyperextension
falling onto hands while elbow is flexed (outstretched hands)

Question 16

what other things are likely to be found)?

Answer 16

damage to ulnar nerve

damage to collateral ligaments

Question 17

symptoms of posterior elbow dislocation?

Answer 17

promiment olecranon, pain and elbow flattened

Question 18

ulna nerve injury can affect movement at the elbow due to damage to which forearm muscles?

Answer 18

flexor carpi ulnaris

half of profundus

Question 19

outline the two types of elbow dislocation?

Answer 19

simple –>
ligaement tearing

complex–>
fractures associated
surgical intervention needed

Question 20

what is burtitis of the elbow?

Answer 20

inflammation of the olecranon process of ulna
pressure and overuse
students elbow
painful

Question 21

what is nurse maid dislocation?

Answer 21

swinging child
arm dislocation can lead to subluxation or dislocation
annular ligament torn so radial head is moved laterally

Question 22

what is epicondyltitis? outline the main types and features of either?
what symptoms ad also treatments are available?

Answer 22

inflammation of epicondyles of humerus
medial and lateral - golfer and tennis respectively
costercoroids for treatment
painful and tenderness, swelling

Question 23

what is avlusion of the medial epicondyle?

Answer 23

ossifies different time to rest of humerus
ligaeement torn pulling part of the medial epicondyle before its ossified

Medially epicondyle ossifies separately from the rest of the humerus and is only cponnected by cartilage until 14-20 years when fusion occurs
Before fusion, severe trauma causing abduction of the elbow stretches the ulnar collateral ligament which can pull the medial epicondyle out of position
Risk of stretching the ulnar nerve

Question 24

name three types of common humeral fractures?
which nerves are at risk of each..
who is it most common in ?

Answer 24

surgical neck - axilliary nerve
elderly -oesteoporsis

supracondylar - children -median nerve and brachial artery

shaft- radial nerve - deltoid pulls laterally - sporty people

Question 25

what is carpal tunnel syndrome? what symptoms associated? How can it be treated?

Answer 25

compression of MEDIAN nerve pins and needles in hand loss of muscle function i.e. thenar part surgically release -cut edge of flexor reticulum

Question 26

lunate dislocation is likely to damage which nerve and how can this occur?

Answer 26

falling on outstretched hand | median nerve

Question 27

what can compression of ulnar nerve cause?

Answer 27

claw hand Handlebar neuropathy Sensory loss palmer surface of lateral 1 ½ digits Motor weakness in the intrinsic muscle of the hand (except thenar eminence and lateral 2 lumbricals) Hyperextension of metacarpophalangeal joints of digits 4 and 5 (extension is unopposed due to paralysis of lumbricals)

Question 28

what is cubital tunnel syndrome?

Answer 28

compression of ulnar nerve at the elbow

Question 29

what is a scaphoid fracture and what can be a problem if it occurs?

Answer 29

Common injury in young adults Tenderness in anatomical snuffbox reduce blood flow to the hand via radial artery avascular necrosis especially if ulnar not functioning

Question 30

what is colles fracture? | dinnerfork deformity

Answer 30

Fracture of the distal end of the radius Most common in old people, particularly women due to osteoporosis Usually the result of falling on an outstretched upper limb Often, the ulnar styloid process is avulsed prognosis good-because good blood supply

Question 31

Fracture/separation of distal radial epiphysis (growth plate)

Answer 31

Common in children Good prognosis with reduction of the epiphysis back to the normal position Rarely, damage to epiphysis leads to premature fusion

Question 32

what is subclavian steal syndrome?

Answer 32

blockage of subclavian proximal to vertebral therefore blood from vetrbral leaves system to blood flow to head to enter upper limb

Question 33

what is erbs palsy?

Answer 33

nerve root c5,6 damaged during birth or if an adult falls on shoulder visible on MRI arm is rotated, waiters tip position, hyperflexion etc

Question 34

what is klumpsy palsy?

Answer 34

damage to C8 t1 birth or when overstretched arm associated with horner's syndrome (ptosis, msios, anhidorsis and vasodilation) as symp fibres from T1

Question 35

what is claw hand?

Answer 35

ulnar nerve lumbricals 4 and 5 are paralysed hyperextension of finger joints

Question 36

what is hand of benediction?

Answer 36

trying to make a fist | digits 4 and 5 can close upn however median nerve supply is unable to

Question 37

median nerve injury at elbow

Answer 37

muscles of forearm are affected so cannot allow sensation to hand median regions, musclces of forearm therefore no flexion or elbow and wrist- loss of thenar muscle action

Question 38

radial nerve palsy?

Answer 38

wrist drop | extensors unable to function therefore no extension of forearm or wrist