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Biology IB YR12-13 > C3.1 Integration of Body Systems > Flashcards

C3.1 Integration of Body Systems Flashcards

1
Q

System integration

A

ability of interacting parts of a biological system to perform together and maintain a functioning organism or other biological system

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2
Q

Emergent property

A

A property gained by a complex system when the individual parts work together

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3
Q

cells tissues organs and organ systems in terms of emergent property

A

Have their own properties

hierarchy of sub systems that are integrated in a multicellular living organism

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4
Q

Cells in the hierarchy

A

Basic unit of life

each macromolecule determines structure and function of cells

genes + amino acid = proteins which is the ultimate function of life

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5
Q

Tissue level in the hierarchy

A

Cells to tissues
epithelial that forms linings
connective
blood
nervous system
muscle

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6
Q

Organs in the hierarchy

A

Tissues combine to form organs that have specialized functions

properties depend on properties that emerged as a result of interactions between tissues and other levels of organization

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7
Q

Organ systems in the hierarchy

A

Organs to organ systems

controlled at the molecular level

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8
Q

Organisms in the hierarchy

A

Organs to organisms

whole body can’t function without closely control system integration at every level

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9
Q

example of a cheetah in integration and hierarchy

A
  • DNA blueprint for boy shape - cellular level
  • loose hips and flexible spine at tissue level
  • enlarged heart for more glucose - organ
  • breathing system rapid delivery of oxygen - organ system
  • built perfectly for chasing prey - organism
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10
Q

what is integration of organs controlled by

A

hormonal and nervous signaling

transport of materials and energy

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11
Q

endocrine system

A

Network of glands that produce hormones
they are released directly to the blood where they travel to target tissues and organs throughout the body

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12
Q

hormone

A

Chemical messengers that is produced and secreted from the cells of the endocrine glands

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13
Q

endocrine glands

A

Hormone producing glands that release secretions directly into the blood plasma

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14
Q

hormones function and mode of transport

A

transported in the bloodstream but act only at specific sites called target organs

small quantities but very effective

changes to specific metabolic reactions of target organs

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15
Q

where are hormones broken down

A

liver and excreted in kidneys

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16
Q

glands that release hormones

A

pituitary gland
pineal gland
hypothalamus
thyroid
thymus
adrenal
ovaries
pancreas
testies

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17
Q

nervous system features

A

Electrical impulses
neurons or nerves
very rapid short duration
muscles or glands
very short a very long distances reflexes example blinking

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18
Q

endocrine system features

A

Chemical messages
bloodstream
glands
can be slow
long-duration
target cells at specific tissues
over long distances
growth, development of reproductive system

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19
Q

How are materials absorbed from blood into body cells

A

assimilation

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20
Q

assimilation

A

Uptake of nutrients into cells and the utilization of this material to provide energy and to synthesize new biological molecules

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21
Q

Where do products of carbohydrates go in assimilation

A

epithelial cells in intestine blood via facilitated diffusion

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22
Q

Where do sugars go in assimilation

A

dissolve and are transported in plasma

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23
Q

Where do amino acids go in assimilation

A

actively transported into epithelial cells via protein pumps

dissolve in plasma

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24
Q

Where do short chain fatty acids go in assimilation

A

absorbed by simple diffusion to epithelial cells

diffuse to capillaries - bloodstream

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25
Where do long fatty acids go in assimilation
combined with glycerol - triglycerides Are hydrophobic so can't travel in blood plasma coated with proteins in the SER enter lymph system and go to heart via blood
26
how do waste product travel
via blood plasma urea produced by breakdown of amino acids in liver toxic substance filtered from blood in kidney
27
hepatic portal viens
Products of digestion to liver glucose to glycogen remaining glucose turns into glycogen in muscle cells brain cells are dependent on glucose from blood oxygen combines with haemoglobin is transported to cells
28
what does the CNS comprise of
brain and spinal chord
29
what does the PNS comprise of
Neurons carrying impulses from sense organs to CNS and from muscles and glands
30
2 types of nervous systems
sympathetic and parasympathetic
31
How does the brain control body functions
Receiving impulses from sensory receptors integrating in correlating incoming information sending impulses to effector organs storing information and building a memory bank initiating impulses
32
role of supradriasmatic nucleus
learning and memory link between circadian rythms and diminished memory can weaken PTSD memories
33
what does a spinal chord to
carries nerve impulses between brain and the rest of the body controls reflexes without brain
34
reflex
Unconscious responses to stimuli that protect the body from harm
35
concious processes
Deliberate and voluntary
36
autonomic functions
Involuntary and not under direct control eg. sweating
37
3 types of neurones
sensory motor relay
38
cerebral hemisphere
Bulk of the human brain formed during development by the outgrowth of part of the forebrain Consisting of densely packed neurons and myelinated nerve fibers
39
what does cerebral hemisphere do
Many of body voluntary activities are coordinated integrating centre of memory, learning, emotions etc
40
motor neurons
Transmit electrical impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands Pathways lead to muscles contracting
41
nerves
many axons of neurons collected into bundles
42
endoneurium
tissue around each fibre
43
perineurium
smooth connective tissue around each bundle of fibre
44
epineurium
Fibrous tissue around the number of bundles and nerve fibres
45
neurone
Single specialized cells
46
reflex arc
single relay neuron in the gray matter of the spinal cord free sensory nerve ending in sensory neuron as pain receptor
47
why are complex patterns of behavior common
Impulses that originate in a reflex also travel to brain impulses may originate in brain and conducted to effector organs
48
nervous system has roles in
Quick and precise communication between sense organs that detects stimuli and muscles or glands that cause changes Complex behavior patterns
49
role of cerebellum
Posture and movement Muscle tone Precise voluntary manipulations a coordinated Movements of body including skeletal muscle contraction and balance
50
circadian rhytms
Physical mental and behavioral changes that follow a 24 hour cycle
51
what is circadian rhytm controled by
Biological clock within the brain Coordinated with cycle of light and dark
52
melatonin
hormone produced by the pineal gland in respond to darkness
53
melatonin role
Coordinates the timing of circadian rhythms and sleep
54
what happens in dark
More melatonin is produced and sleepiness returns
55
SAD
Winter depression affects the mental state of people
56
jet lag
When normal patterns of light unchanged abruptly it may take several days before sleep patterns return to normal
57
epinephrine
hormone secreted by adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter secreted by nerve endings of sympathetic nervous system
58
effect of epinephrine
Increase of heart rate and breakdown of glycogen to glucose in muscle and liver Peacemaker of heart to increase Increased oxygen and glucose to tissues of the body Increase production of ATP for activity
59
where is epinephrine produced
adrenal glands
60
when is epinephrine produced
when body is under stress fight or flight situation
61
where is epinephrine carried
In blood throughout the body
62
what hormone is epinephrine
peptide
63
hypothalamus
Structure of the base of the brain a control center for autonomic nervous system and source of hormones for pituitary gland
64
what does hypothalamus connect
endocrine and nervous system acheived by constant monitoring of blood composition as it circulates
65
what does hypothalamus do
regulate many body activities concerned with homeostasis secretes hormones involved with reabsorption of water from kidneys regulates function of pineal gland in relation to circadian rhythms
66
pituitary gland
master endocrine gland, attached to underside of brain
67
what does hypothalamus control
Endocrine activity by releasing hormones from Neuro secretory cells into portal vein and nerve impulses
68
hormones secreted by pituitary gland control
Growth developmental changes reproduction homeostasis
69
medulla
Structure at base of the brain connects the brain to spinal cord
70
sympathetic nervous system
Part of involuntary nervous system Antagonist in affect to parasympathetic nervous system
71
parasympathetic nervous system
Part of the voluntary nervous system
72
baroreceptors
sensory receptor responding to stretch in walls of blood vessels to monitor blood pressure
73
chemoreceptors
monitor blood pH and concentrations of oxygen and Co2 in blood
74
how is the nervous control of heart by reflex action
receives impulses from medulla sympathetic nerve speeds up heart branch of vagus nerve slows down heart
75
vagus nerve role
When blood pressure is high in the arteries the heart rate is lower by impulses from cardiovascular center
76
what happens if blood pressure is low or CO2 high
will increase rate of sinoatrial node firing
77
what happens if there's high blood pressure or low Carbon dioxide
Rate of sinoatrial node firing is reduced and parasympathetic activation
78
respiratory center
Region of the medulla of the brain concerned with the involuntary control of breathing
79
what does the inspiration Center do
Sends impulses to increase rate and depth of breathing
80
what does the expiratory Center do
Sends impulses to inhibited inspiratory center and stimulate expiration
81
autonomic nervous system
Involuntary nervous system
82
Enteric nervous system
Network of sensory neurons motor neurons and interneurons embedded in the wall of the gastrointestinal system
83
why is the PNS special
Controls the activities and structures in the body that are mostly involuntary
84
peristalsis
Waves of muscular contractions passing down the gut wall

Biology IB YR12-13 (33 decks)

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