C5 Flashcards
1
Q
Chronic ->(new onset phagia)->(healed ulcers when collagen fibers contract)
A
Chronic Gerd->ulceration(new onset odynophagia)->strictures(healed ulcers when collagen fibers contract)
2
Q
How differentiate between SMA and celiac trunk?
A
How differentiate between SMA and celiac trunk?
3
Q
_ infection causes gingiovostimatitis
A
1409 virus! HSV infection causes gingiviostomatitis
4
Q
_ abortion: due to _ + _: foul-smelling _ , fever, pain, tenderness
A
Septic abortion: due to g-neg bacilli(e coli) + staph; foul-smelling tissue, fever, pain, tenderness
5
Q
Alcohol abuse maifest (3): _( can be independent of _ deficiency )+ acute pancreatitis( / > 2)
A
Alcohol abuse: macrocytosis( can be independent of folate deficiency )+ acute pancreatitis( AST/ALT > 2)
6
Q
Atrophic _ treatment with b12: reticulocyte count _ dramatically(peak _ wk) then tapers off (hg, erythrocyte counts / methylmalonic acid gradually(8wks) _/ _)
A
Atrophic gastritis treatment with b12: reticulocyte count increases dramatically(peak 1 wk) then tapers off (hg, erythrocyte counts / methylmalonic acid gradually(8wks) in/ dec)
7
Q
_ is _ crescent shaped( parasite); hallmark is chorioretinitis(retinal _)
A
Toxo is intracellular crescent shaped( parasite); hallmark is chorioretinitis(retinal lesions)
8
Q
_ disease: person who gets erythema _(rash) then _ with AV _ which may present with dyspea & syncopy
A
Lyme disease: person who gets erythema migrans(rash) then carditis with AV block which may present with dyspea & syncopy
9
Q
Fungal Cell membrane(3)/ cell wall inhibitors(1) = [(_ &)/ / ergosteral in membrane]/ Echinocandin(_) inhibs synthesis of _in wall
A
Fungal Cell membrane/ cell wall inhibitors = [(ampho & nystatin)/azoles bind/inhib synthesis of ergosteral in membrane]/ Echinocandin(caspofungin) inhibs synthesis of glucan in wall
10
Q
Metronidazaole + _ can cause disulfiram-like effects( due to acetaldehyde accumulation) such as headaches, cramps, nausea
A
Metronidazaole + alchol can cause disulfiram-like effects( due to acetaldehyde accumulation) such as headaches, cramps, nausea
11
Q
Syphillis testing:
RPR & VDRL abs to _
TP-EIA, FTA-abs to _
non/specific?
A
Syphillis testing: nontreponemal RPR&VDRL/treponemail TP-EIA, FTA-abs are ab to cardiolipin-cholestrol-lectin antigen/ trepenemal ag are non/specific
12
Q
Systemic mastocytosis: _ mutation, abnl proliferation of mast cells-> inc _ and it’s effect
A
Systemic mastocytosis: Kit mutation, abnl proliferation of mast cells-> inc histamine and it’s effect
13
Q
Cimetidine inhibits _ receptor
A
Cimetidine inhibits H2 receptor
14
Q
_ can treat gastroperesis (occurs in chronic _) via motilin receptor agonist (if metocloproamide(D2 @ _ does not work)
A
Erythromycin can treat gastroparesis (occurs in chronic diabetics) via motilin receptor agonist if metocloproamide(D2 @ antagonist does not work)
15
Q
P.aeruginosa: g-neg _ oxidase _
cef_ + cef_ to treat
A
P.aeruginosa: g-neg rod oxidase + ceftazidime & cefepime treat
16
Q
Aspergillus fumigatus:
asthma/ pre-exciting lung cavity = _/ _ colonization: mycetoma which may cause _ and shifts with _
A
Aspergillus fumigatus: asthma/ pre-exciting lung cavity = ABPA/ fungus ball colonization: mycetoma which may cause hemoptysis and shifts with position
17
Q
C.diptheria antitoxin are _ Ig_ antibodies
A
C.diptheria antitoxin are neutralizing IgG antibodies
18
Q
Toxic megacolon is complication of _ diagnostic: _
A
Toxic megacolon is complication of ulcerative colitis diagnostic: X-ray
19
Q
Diagnose Strongyloides stercoralis? _ in stool, hyperinfection syndrome especially if _)
A
Diagnose Strongyloides stercoralis? larve in stool, hyperinfection syndrome especially if immunocompromised)
20
Q
Diagnose Tapeworms(fair scene)/ Schitosomiasis = / in stool
A
Diagnose Tapeworms(fair scene)?/ Schitosomiasis = proglottids in stool/ parasite eggs in stool
21
Q
Cord factor ?
is a virulence of _ via inhib ___ -> caseating granulomas
A
Cord factor (surface glycolipid that allows serpentine cord growth) is a virulence of m.tb via inhib macrophage phagolysoms acidification -> caseating granulomas
22
Q
Hep C treatment: DAA inhib rep & assembly= ledipasvir mech?
sofosbuvir mech?
and simeprevir mech?
A
Hep C treatment: DAA inhib rep & assembly= ledipasvir(NS5A inhib prevent rep & assembly) and sofosbuvir( RNA dependent RNA polymeras inhib) and simeprevir ( protease inhibitor)
23
Q
Indirect=_ bilirubin;
haptoglobin bind free hemoglobin in blood for reuptake so if hemolysis, _ haptoglobin in blood.
A
Indirect=unconjugated bilirubin; haptoglobin bind free hemoglobin in blood for reuptake so if hemolysis, low haptoglobin in blood.
24
Q
_: US then nuclear medicine hepatobiliary scanning for diagnosis
A
Cholescystitis: US then nuclear medicine hepatobiliary scanning for diagnosis
25
Vancomycin _ occurs after prolong use: Slight / profound hypoperfusion causes _/ _ with hyaline casts/ waxy casts.
Vancomycin ATN occurs after prolong use. Slight / profound hypoperfusion causes Prerenal azotemia/ ischemic ATN with hyaline casts/ waxy casts.
26
Primaquine added to treatments for_hypnozote which are responsible for _
Primaquine added to treatments for liver hypnozote which are responsible for relapses
27
Hep D infectivity?
Hep D infectivity: needs to be coated by HepB surface antigen before can infect
28
_ & splenic flexture are watershed area(sigmoid & superior rectal artery)
Rectosigmoid & splenic flexture are watershed area(sigmoid & superior rectal artery)
29
Short bowel syndrome: resection of bowel ->post prandial voluminous _ and weight loss due to _, might have _ deficiency
Short bowel syndrome: resection of bowel ->post prandial voluminous diarrhea and weight loss due to malabsorpition, might have vitb12 deficiency
30
.
Acute intermittent porphyria? PBGD, 5 p's ( GI & neuro symptoms with _ urine (reddish-brown), _ precipitate); _ + _ treats by downregulating ALAS (cyp450 inducers upregulate)
Porphyria cutanea tarda (UPD, photosensitive, dorm, _ & _(disease) induce)
```
Lead poisoning (ezy)
Lead poisoning has _ lead lines and in _(pop)
```
```
Porphyrias do not have basophilic stippling
Lead poisoning has blue lead lines and in miners.
Acute intermittent porphyria? PBGD, 5 p's ( GI & neuro symptoms with portwine urine (reddish-brown), drugs precipitate); glucose +heme treats by downregulating ALAS (cyp450 inducers upregulate)
Porphyria cutanea tarda (UPD, phosensitive, dorm, alcohol & hep C)
Lead poisoning (Alad & Ferrochelase, both)
```
31
Chancroid is total opposite of chancre?
| Granuloma inguinale is opposite of chlamydia Lympho?
Chancroid is total opposite of chancre: multiple, painful, gray to yellow ragged border base
Granuloma inguinale is opposite of chlamydia Lympho: intracytoplasmic cysts without lymphadenopathy
32
Aminoglycosides resistance via modifying _ (prevent binding to 16 S)
Aminoglycosides resistance via modifying antibiotic (prevent bidnign to 16 S)
33
Urticaria due to IgE mediated degranulation of _ cell->superficial dermal _
Urticaria due to IgE mediated degranulation of mast cell->superficial dermal edema
34
HNPCC occurs at y_ age ; dorminant mismatch repair genes mutations; extraintestinal cancers( like _)
HNPCC occurs at young age < 50; dorminant mismatch repair genes mutaions; extraintestinal( like beast cancer) cancers
35
Kayser-fleishcer rings (look like?) on _examination,
ATP7B _ secretion into bile->cu leaks from damage hepatocytes; _Ceruloplasmin;
_ ( ZN, d-pencillamine, trientine):
basal ganglia _
Kayser-fleishcer rings (look like?) on slit lamp examination, ATP7B dec secretion into bile->cu leaks from damage hepatocytes; low Ceruloplasmin; chelators( ZN, d-pencillamine, trientine): Wilson disease
Wilson disease: KF rings and basal ganglia atrophy
36
MAC( mycobacterium avium complex) infect CD4
MAC( mycobacterium avium complex) infect CD4 <50 with nonspecific symptoms and granulomas. Treat with azithromycin
37
SS_ RNA sense _ molecules are infectious(others no because must be like human RNA)
SS+ RNA sense purified molecules are infectious(others no because must be like human RNA)
38
Measels ? 4 C ;
| kolpik spots are tiny _lesion on buccal mucosa
Measels ? 4 C ; kolpik spots are tiny white/blue-gray lesion on buccal mucosa
39
Reticulocytes has _ which gives it blue color
Reticulocytes has residual rRNA( not nucleus) which gives it blue color
40
Candida germ tubes(ture hyphae from yeast) look like ? vrs polysacaride capsule in c.neoformis?
Candida due to thrush (2), vaginal(3) , cutaneous( 1)
Candida germ tubes(ture hyphae from yeast) look like ? Candida due to thursh (diabetes, antibotics), vaginal(contraceptive or antibiotics or diabetes) , cutaneous( infant diaper rash) …vrs polysacaride capsule in c.neoformis?
41
Mallory-Weiss syndrome: _ mucosal tears at GE jucntion due to inc in _( ie retching ); _predispose; account for _ of upper GI bleed.
Mallory-Weiss syndrome: linear mucosal tears at GE jucntion due to inc in abd pressures( ie retching ); alchohol predispose; account for 10% of upper GI bleed.
42
Anal fissure occur in _ midline due to _ blood flow
Anal fissure occur in posterior midline due to dec blood flow
43
Hemachromatosis looks like _ pigment within hepatocytes + _ fibrosis ( all accumulations have this)
Hepatitis looks like _ infiltrate around _
Hemachromatosis looks like brown pigment within hepatocytes + periportal fibrosis ( all accumulations have this)
Hepatitis looks like inflammatory cell infiltrate around periportal
44
Celiac malabsorption(ADECK)->vit _ deficiency(ricket/ osteomalacia) -> _Ca + _phos ->_ vit D
Celiac malabsorption(ADECK)->vit D deficiency(ricket/ osteomalacia) -> low Ca + phos ->hi vit D
45
T-cell ALL vrs B cell All? Markers? While B-cell is most common, T cell ALL presents as _ mass that may _ things(dysphagia, SVC syndrome, respiratory syndrome);
CD2-8= _ cell; cd10 _cell
AML M4&5/M6/M7= monocytes/ erythroid precursors & elderly /megakaruoblast t(1:22) & down syndrome
T-cell ALL vrs B cell All? Markers? While B-cell is most common, T cell ALL presents as mediastinal mass that may compress things(dysphagia, SVC syndrome, respiratory syndrome); CD2-8= T cell; cd10 B………AML M4&5/M6/M7= monocytes/ erythroid precursors & elderly /megakaruoblast t(1:22) & down syndrome
46
Neiserra meningitis most important virulence factor for disease severity?_
LOS/capsular polysac & iga protease does
Neiserra meningitis most important virulence factor for disease severity? LOS; LOS/capsular polysac & iga protease = endotoxin, sepsis/ resist phago, complements, Ig
47
_(disease) associated with EBV lymphomas
HIV( not smoking) associated with EBV lymphomas
48
Gardos channel blockers can treat _ via prevent via
Y-glutamyl transferase? marker for?
Gardos channel blockers can treat SS via prevent efflux of K&h2o from cell->less dehydrate->less sickle
Y-glutamyl transferase? asses hepatic or bony origins of hi alk phos
49
Hitoplasma capsulatum presents with_ infection that spread to_ system and show _ that _over time; typically discovered_ as multiple calcifications
Hitoplasma capsulatum presents with pulm infection that spread to reticuloendothelial system and show graumlomas that calcify over time; typically discovered incidentally as multiple calcifications
50
Hep B life cycle?
Hep B life cycle? Partially double-stranded DNA transcribed to single-standed + RNA then via revers transcriptase-> partially double stranded DNA progeny.
51
Causes of acute pancreatitis 3?
Causes of acute pancreatitis 3? Alcohol, gallstones, triglycerides( if more than 1000)
52
R/l/rectosigmoid colon cancer present? :
R/l/rectosigmoid colon cancer present? : occult bleed->fatigue/ obstruction->constipation/ hemachezia
53
p.aeruginosa is motile yes or no?
p.aeruginosa is motile
54
Immunologic Candida defense local vrs systemic? HIV vrs neutropenic patients?
Immunologic Candida defense local vrs systemic? HIV vrs neutropenic patients? Local/systemic = lymphocytes/ neutrophil so HiV/ neutropenic patients have local vrs systemic candida infections
55
Methrotrexate therapy can be used of RA(t/F?)
| side effect?
Methrotrexate therapy can be used of RA(t/F?) side effect? Neural tube defects.
56
HIV pol/ env gene mutation cause?
HIV pol/ env gene mutation cause? Resistance to antiviral therapies so( consistent and combination use prevents this)/ escape from host neutralizing antibodies. Typically viral/bac mutation are for their benefits( gain resistance against therapies).
57
What does F8 do in cloting cascade? Emicizumab treat? Mech?
What does F8 do in clothing cascade? Emicizumab treat? Mech? Hemophilia A via micmic F8 activity(bind F9a & 10 -> 10a) -activated FA start common path
58
How does HIV infection of cell happen via binding to 2 thing?
maraviroc/efuvertide mech?
How does HIV infection of cell happen via binding to 2 thing? Gp120 binds both CD4 & CCR5/4 (chemokine receptor)—maraviroc/efuvertide both work inhibiting pg120/41 binding to CCR
59
Ricketssia present? Treat?
Ricketssia present? Treat? Appalachian Mountains, erythematous maculopap rash (aka RMSF, doxycycline
60
PML on histology? Translocation?
PML on histology? Translocation? Blasts, auerrods( in an AML forms)
61
If coinfect with 2 viral strains and change but progency is unchanged?
If coinfect with 2 viral strains and change but progency is unchanged? Phenotypic mixing(as opposed to reassortment which goes to progey)
62
Helmet and burr cells look like? Indicate what?
Helmet and burr cells look like? Indicate what? are schzocytes and point to mechanical damage to rbc or microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
63
Neomycin drug class?
Neomycin drug class? Aminoglycoside
64
Fidaxomicin? Similar to? Mech? Treats? is like a _ why? Inhib _ uniit of RNA poly; c. diff
Fidaxomicin? Similar to? Mech? Treats? is like a macrolide why? Bacteriacidal Inhib sigma unit of RNA poly; c. diff
65
_ poisoning from( 2)? present? Treat? Insecticide, contaminated water. Garlic odor.inhib. Dimercaprol
Arsenic poisoning from? present? Treat? Insecticide, contaminated water. Garlic odor.inhib. Dimercaprol
66
Methemoglobinema present? Treat? _ colored skin, chocolate blood, methylene blue to _
CaNa2EDTA/deferoxamine for what toxicities?
Methemoglobinema present? Treat? Gray or blue skin, chocolate blood, methylene blue
CaNa2EDTA/deferoxamine for what toxicities? Lead/iron
67
Myeloproliferative vrs leukemia labs?
Myeloproliferative vrs leukemia labs? Erythrocyte and platelet counts.!
68
```
Dengue virus(RNA) presents in endemic area with + pain + _ fever
secondary infection with diff serotype _
```
```
Dengue virus(RNA) presents in endemic area with retro-orbital pain + break-bone fever
secondary infection with diff serotype worse.
```
69
AML(auer rods, _ for ALL) on peripheral smear vrs. atypical lymphocytes on histology?
AML(auer rods, TDT for ALL) on peripheral smear vrs. atypical lymphocytes on histology? Blast & auer rods vrs not.
70
Hookworms transmition? Causes?
Hookworms transmition? Causes? larve in human feces in soil->through feet(transient skin rash)->lungs->coughed into GI->aldult in small intestine feed on human blood->iron deficiency anemia
71
Diphyllobothriasis has _ opening(operculum),
Toxco is via dog/cat round _ and is granulomatous,
lymphatic filariasis is worm wuchereria that attacks lymphatics causing _
Diphyllobothriasis has lid-like opening(operculum), Toxco is via dog/cat round worms and is granulomatous, lymphatic filariasis is worm wuchereria that attacks lymphatics->lymphadema
72
Polycistronic? regulated by a _promoter, operator and set of reg element)
Polycistronic(mrnas code produces multiple proteins synchronimously-ex is lac operon is regulated by a signle promoter, operator and set of reg element) vrs alt spliting in pro/eukarya
73
NSCLC and CML are similar in that both mutations are _ genes.
NSCLC and CML are similar in that both mutations are fusion genes.
74
spyhillis: conduloma lata(_)-> then gumma(_): necrotizing _; neurospyhillis can occur at _ stage of the disease
spyhillis: conduloma lata(2nd)-> then gumma(teritary): necrotizing granulomas; neurospyhillis can occur at any stage of the disease
75
klebsiella granulomatis: STI present with _ inguinale with _ shaped intracytoplasmic indusions(Donovan bodies) in cells.
klebsiella granulomatis: STI present with granuloma inguinale with rod shaped intracytoplasmic indusions(Donovan bodies) in cells.
76
Tratuzumab blocks HER2 a _R
Tratuzumab blocks HER2 a TKR
77
Methrotrexate( can treat _ pregnancy) mec? what accumulates ?
Methrotrexate( can treat ectopic pregnancy) prevent THF making via inhib DHF reductase folic + DHF polyglutamate accumates
78
folinic acid is leucovorin_ from methrotrexate).
| Folinic is not same as folic acid
folinic acid is leucovorin(rescue from methrotrexate) not folic acid
79
sulfonamides work against bacteria and not humans because ?
sulfonamides work against bacteria and not humans because humans lack dHP( PABA –>folic acid)
80
LMWH/ unfractioned heparin= FX / + F2 inactivation via AT3 Heparin for _ prevention.
LMWH/ unfractioned heparin= FX / + F2 inactivation via AT3 Heparin for DVT prevention.
81
Duodenal/jejunal/colonic intestinal atresias= causes? looks like? associations
Duodenal/jejunal/colonic intestinal atresias= recanalization failure wk 8/ due to vascular(SMA) injury(->absent part!)/ unkown= double-bubble/ apple-peel/ distented abd = assoc with downs/ gastroichisis/hirchspriungs
82
Nuero cysticerosis in _ americans( t. solium _) presents with _ with cysts & scolex in brain
so eggs/cyst->_/_ infection)
toxo if immunocompromised or congential
Nuero cysticerosis in central americans( t. solium pork) presents with seizures with cysts & scolex in brain( so eggs/cyst->cysticosis/tape worm infection)… toxo if immunocompromised or congential
83
Spore forming bacterias survive _ boiling temperatures.
Spore forming bacterias survive high boiling temperatures.
84
What infected predisposed to anal/cervical carcinoma? .
What infected predisposed to anal carcinoma? HIV men/women predisposed to develop anal/cervical squamous cell carcinoma because HIV increases prevalence of high risk HPV infection.
85
_ is a _spirochete(corckscrew) gotten from _ contaminated with animal _ presents with_ illness and conjunctival_ that may go on to _/_ failure.
Leptospirosis is a motile spirochete(corckscrew) gotten from water contaminated with animal urine presents with flu-like illness and conjunctival suffusion that may go on to renal/hepatic failure.
86
_ is papulo-ulcerative eschar + flu-like illness and lymphadenopathy
Tularemia is papulo-ulcerative eschar + flu-like and lymphadenopathy
87
Yersinia: bubonic plaque ( _-onset _like intense _ +_) a coccobaciili
Yersinia: bubonic plaque( sudden, flu-like, intense pain and lymphadenopathy) a coccobaciili
88
Rabies is via bats,
Rabies: via bats,
89
Villous adenoma can cause _ diarrhea with hypoproteinemia and hypokalemia
Villous adenoma can cause secretory diarrhea with hypoproteinemia and hypokalemia
90
An anaplastic tumour(aka pleomophinc) ?
An anaplastic tumour(aka pleomophinc) is not well differentiated( looks absolutely not like original tissue)
91
Hemochromatosis: iron transport physio?
| _ ->Feroportin, HFE bound to transferrin recepter
Hemochromatosis: iron transport physio: DMT->Feroportin->HFE bound to transferrin recepter is sensor-> low hepcidin
92
Which is least suceptible to occlusion due to dual blood supply?
most bld flow/oxygen?
Warfarin coagulator & anticoagulators?
CYP450 inducers (3) & inhibitors( 2) = dec/_ metabolites (warfarin, cyclophos, statin) effect because cyp450 clears it.
Dual blood supply-> least suceptible to occlusion infaction : liver(if not transplant)->brain
most bld flow/oxygen= brain/ heart
Warfarin coagulator & anticoagulators
CYP450 inducers (rifampin, phenytoin, phenobarbital) & inhibitors( antifungals, antibiotics) = dec/inc metabolites (warfarin, cyclophoh) effect because cyp450 clears it.
93
All newborns should receive Vit K( if deficient_ may occur with signs of in ICP)
All newborns should receive Vit K( if deficient ICH may occur with signs of in ICP)
94
Esophageal manometry for achalasia shows _ LES pressure( eso strictures can't be seen on manometry)
Esophageal manometry for achalasia shows inc LES pressure( eso strictures can't be seen on manometry)
95
Foscarnet can chelate cal -> nephro_ wasting
Foscarnet can chelate cal -> nephro mg wasting
96
HIV attach/fusion via gp_/ gp_
HIV attach/fusion via gp120/ gp41
97
Typhoid fever: 3 phases( _-_ dissociate -> rose spots( in billary tree)->bloody _)
Typhoid fever: 3 phases( pulse temperature dissociate -> rose spots( in billary tree)->bloody diarrhea)
98
Common intraabdominal are anerobes( so _& _ treat)=
Common intraabdominal are anerobes( so metro & clindamycin)= (b fragilis, enterococci, streptococi, e.coli)
99
Pure red cell aplasia caused by (2)?
| _virus (_pronomoblasts) or (thymic tumor, leukemia, lymhomas)( with _ )
Pure red cell aplasia caused by parvovirus (gaint pronomoblasts), antibodies (thymic tumor, leukemia, lymhomas)
100
Antimalarials are not for _ deficiency people cause causes hemolytic anemia.
supravital stain is for _ bodies->G6PD deficiency
Antimalarials are not for G6PDH deficiency people cause causes hemolytic anemia. supravital stain is for heinz bodies->G6PD deficiency
101
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpora from low _->vWF _cleaved
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpora from low ADAMTS13->vWF uncleaved
102
PML is _ enhancing white matter lesion
PML is no enhancing white matter lesion
103
. Listeria is an intra or extra organism
. Listeria is an intracelluar organism
104
Aminoglycosides cause _ & _toxicity
Aminoglycosides cause ototoxicity & nephrotoxicity
105
30S inhib are 2
30S inhib are aminoglyc & tetracycls
106
Bacterial Vaginois ( is loss of _ -> overgrowth of _(so _also treats))
Bacterial Vaginois ( is loss of lactobacillis -> overgrowth of anaoerobes(so clindamycin also treats))
107
Clavulanic acid, sulbactam and tazobactam are ?
. Clavulanic acid, sulbactam and tazobactam are beta-lactamases inhibs
Clavulanic acid vrs cilastin = amoxicillins/ monobactams
NNRT's are nevirapine & elfavirenz
108
_are nevirapine & elfavirenz
NNRT's are nevirapine & elfavirenz
109
. leukoplaqua = not/scrap off ?
. leukoplaqua = not/scrap off = malignancy or Hairly cell leukemia( EBV in HIV or transplant)/ thrush
110
initial genital ulcers painful(2, multiple) =
initial genital ulcers non/pain(2, multiple lesions) = spyhilis & clam & klebsiella / hsv & haemophilic ducreyi(deeper)
initial genital ulcers painful(2) = hsv & haemophilic ducreyi(deeper)
111
Kaposi sarcoma lesions on skin + _tract
Kaposi sarcoma lesions on skin + GI tract
112
Thayer-Martin media?
| _triad: polyartherities, rash, tenosynovitis
Thayer-Martin media is chocolate agar infused with anitbiotics( if anybacteria grown of shit ton of antibiotics mostl likely for n.gono)
N.gono triad: polyartherities, rash, tenosynovitis
113
_/_ & _/ _ transfered by Anopheles/ Andes/ isodiis tick
malaria/dengue & chikungua/ babesiosis transfered by Anopheles/ Andes/ isodix tick
114
cephalosporin resitance: 4
cephalosporin resitance: listeria, atypicials, MRSA, Enterococi
115
_/_ HSV= all/ only perioral vesicles.
Acute/latent HSV= all/ only perioral vesicles.
116
Anaplylactic vrs septic shock= ?
Anaplylactic vrs septic shock= atopic reaction vrs spread of bacteria shock. So echinococcus which is a parasite ->anaplylactic with Ige !!!
117
_ vrs _= crossover of dsDNA/ must be segmented
recombination vrs reassortment= crossover of dsDNA/ must be segmented
118
HSV/ EBV is within _( latent is asymptomatic)
HSV/ EBV is within neuronal (peripheral but neuronal)/ latent infection is asymptomatic
119
_ virus looks like..multinucleated giant cells
HSV genital ulcer looks like..multinucleate giant cells
120
If treat staph aureus abscess with oral antibiotics recurrent mean?.
If treat staph aureus abscess with oral antibiotics recurrent due to colonization of ant nares.
121
Ethambutol/rifampin mech? side effects(1/2) ?
Ethambutol/rifampin mech? arabinosyl transferase/ Rnal poly inhibition. side effects(1/2) ? optic neuropathy/ rash & red-orange body fluids
122
HepB vaccine immuity if of HBs ag?
. HepB vaccine immuity if of HBs ag? so how does this give immunity? by making antihbs that bind to s ag and prevent infection
123
s/c antibodies present if
| SPE/CES = ag/ ab = acutely infected-> high infectivity/ ever infeced, core period/ low infectivity/ immunity or recovery
s/c antibodies present if acute infection/ ever infected. .
| SPE/CES = ag/ ab = acutely infected-> high infectivity/ ever infeced, core period/ low infectivity/ immunity or recovery
124
_/ _/_ = env/ phage/pilis
Transfromation/ duction/conjugation = env/ phage/pilis
125
_ toxin tranmitted by bacterialphage to make toxic strain
. C. dip toxin tranmitted by bacterialphage to make toxic strain
126
ESBL get resistance from?
. ESBL get resistance from? beta lactamases transfered through plasmids
127
Hand foot and mouth disease vs herpangia?
Hand foot and mouth disease vs herpangia? HFMD/Herpangia = ulcerations in HF&M/ mouth muscoa only.
128
_ from mosquitoes with alpha virus with fever, rash + severe polyarthrialgias
Chikungunya from mosquitoes with alpha virus with fever, rash + severe polyarthrialgias
129
Gp 160 ->gp_ +_ bind 2
| gag, pol, env genes for ?
Gp 160 ->gp120 + 41 bind CD4
gag, pol, env genes for ? p24/ reverse transcriptase/ gp160/= capsule(core proteins)/ protease( + RT + integrases)/ infection(so only one glycosylated cause allows low immune detect)
130
_ virus is _RNA kills neural progenitor cells leading to microceph, _thinning( ventriculomegaly)
Zika virus is ssRNA kills neural progenitor cells leading to microceph, cortical thinning( ventriculomegaly)
131
congenital _ is sensory deficits + blue berry muffin rash, jaundice
congenital CMV is sensory deficits + blue berry muffin rash, jaundice
132
congenital _ limb hypoplasia + scar + blindness
congenital VZV limb hypoplasia + scar + blindness
133
Cyptococcus/sporidum = meningitis/ diarhea (spores->cysts
Cyptococcus/sporidum = meningitis/ diarhea(spores->cysts
134
Clostridium speticum if _ gas gangrene( mostly from GI _)
. Clostridium speticum if spontaneous gas gangrene( mostly from GI cancer) becuase a GI bacteria so
135
Acute phase reactants dec(3)
procalcitonin _ bac infection
.
. Acute phase reactants dec(3) = prealb(transthyretin), alb, transferin,
procalcitonin inc/dec if bac/virus infection
ESR increases because more things in bld so takes more time for RBC to settle.
136
Multiple ring enhancing lesion in HIV(aids defining illnesses)
Multiple ring enhancing lesion in HIV(aids defining illnesses)= toxo
137
C1INH deficiency represents?
C1INH deficiency : C1INH inhibs c1 and inhibs making of bradykinin so def -> clots + angioedema.
138
Can get cynobacteria from _ too!
Can get cynobacteria from imigrants too!
139
Infectious mono atypical lymphocytes in blood smear are CD _
Infectious mono atypical lymphocytes in blood smear are CD 8+(EBV virus infects pharyngeal mucosa & tonsil crypts(->sore throat & lymphadenopathy) infects B cells(via CD21) and T cells hyperplase to react.
140
vWF deficiency is what type of bleeding?
vWF deficiency is what type of bleeding? a muscoal bleed-nose, gingival, vagina. (mucosa/internal = superficial/deep tissue bleed= platelets/clotting factors.
141
Iron deficiency anemia not just due to iron def but also _
Iron deficiency anemia not just due to iron def but also bleeds
142
uremic platelet dysfunction-_ defect
uremic platelet dysfunction-qualitative defect
143
Heparin affects Ptt or pt?
Heparin/warfirin affects inc pt only/pt + ptt only
144
What type of heparin is best for inactivating thrombin?
What type of heparin is best for inactivating thrombin? unfractioned heparin/LMWH= inhib FX + F2 = FX inhib via antithrombin + equal/lesser thrombin inhib
145
fondaparinux inhib_;
enoxaparin is a _
fondaparinux inhib FX; enoxaparin is a LMWH
146
APL? treat?
t(12,21)/CD5/Auer rods/ t(15, 17)/ t(9, 22)=marker for?
t(14,18/11/ 8)= what lymphoma
APL? treat?
t(12,21)/CD5/Auer rods/ t(15, 17)/ t(9, 22)=All/CLL/AML/ APL//CML/
t(14,18/11/ 8)= Bcl follicular lymphoma/ marginal cell /cmyc burkit others?
147
Hemachromatosis due to HFE protein inactivating mutation -> low hepcidin +_ DMTI -> accumulation of iron stores with _ cirrhosis and _(diabetes and skin pigmentation)
Hemachromatosis due to HFE protein inactivating mutation -> low hepcidin + inc DMTI -> accumulation of iron stores with micronodular cirrhosis and bronzed diabetes(diabetes and skin pigmentation)
148
ristocetin cofactor assay:abnl in _
ristocetin cofactor assay: activates platelet gpIb to bind to vWF
abnl in vWF deficiency
149
thx A2 for Gp _
thx A2 for Gp IIb/IIa( normal->clot)
150
Sideroblastic anemia: basophillic stipping in _
| Lead toxicity presents with _(colored) gumline + _/_ drop
Sideroblastic anemia: ring/basophillic stipping in BM/periphery. Lead toxicity presents with bluish gumline + wrist/foot drop
151
Howell jolly bodies inc if compromised _function
Howell jolly bodies inc if compromised splenic function
152
6-MP is a cytotoxic purine analoge activated/degraded by _/_
6-MP is a cytotoxic purine analoge activated/degraded by HGPRT/XO
153
_/_ deficiency = pernicious anemia, gastrectomy, medication, fish tapworm, diet if years/ _(drink) early onset than vegan :
hallmark for megaloblastic anemia is _neutrophils
Vit B12/Folate = pernicious anemia, gastrectomy, medication, fish tapworm, diet if years/ alcohol early onset than vegan : hallmark for megaloblastic anemia is hypersegmental neutrophils
154
```
JAK2/stat (_receptor TK) used by PIGGLET
Intracellular receptors: PET CAT TV
cAMP: FLAT ChAMP
EDRF=NO
IP3 = GoAT HAG
TK= insulin and growth factors
```
EPO is via Jak2(activated in polycethemia vera) /stat pathway! Jak2 autophosphorylates to call stat which translocates to nucleous
Ic receptors steriods, t3-t4, vit D
cAMP: all related to acth
155
peritubular_ in Kidney sense hypoxia to make EPO
peritubular fibroblast in Kidney sense hypoxia to make EPO
156
To treat renopathy normocytic anemia give_
To treat renopathy normocytic anemia give EPO
157
Most orophrangeal cancer looking like sheets of highly proliferative _ -positve cell are caused by _
Most orophrangeal cancer looking like sheets of highly proliferative cytokeratin -positve cell are caused by HPV
158
Cloramphenicol causes dose in/dependent =
Cloramphenicol causes dose in/dependent = aplastic anemia/ thrombocytopenia
159
Plummer Vinson syndrom: (4) treat with _
Plummer Vinson syndrom: eso webs(->disphagia), beefy tongue, spoon-shaped nails + iron deficiency anemia tret with iron
160
Sickle cell also have _ deficiency due to killing of erythrocytes and after autosplenectormy (repeated splenic infacts->atophy & fibrosis) -> predispose to _ organisms.
Sickle cell also have folic acid deficiency due to killing of erythrocytes and after autosplenectormy (repeated splenic infacts->atophy & fibrosis) -> predispose to encapsulated organisms.
161
Protamine/FFP or vitK for _/_ reversal
Protamine/FFP & vitK for heparin/warfin reversal
162
Aplastc(parvovirus and others cause) anemia BM ? presents with no splenomegaly
APL presents with DIC
MDS(megaloblasts) occurs in old persons
leukemias will be hypercellular
Aplastc anemia BM is hypocellar with fat cells
163
Burik8/follicular lymphoma is _/_ overexpression
Burik8/follicular lymphoma is c-myc/ bcl ;overexpression
164
EBV is all primary _ lymphoma + most systemic _-cell lymphoma. On biopsy shows Ki-67 fraction (aka mitotic index) _
EBV is all primary CNS lymphoma + most systemic B-cell lymphoma. On biopsy shows Ki-67 fraction (aka mitotic index) high
165
_ number one source of infect in sickle cell anemia due to functional asplenia so problem with encapsulated bacterias.
Strep pnuemo( not psuedomonas) number one source of infect in sickle cell anemia due to functional asplenia so problem with encapsulated bacterias.
166
Butons( _-linked _cell diffeciency) so lack of _centers
outer cortex is for i_
Butons( x-linked B-cell diffeciency) so lack of geminal centers ….outer cortex is for interaction
167
non/ionizing radiation = 1/2
non/ionizing radiation = pyrimidine dimers/ Dna ds breaks + free radicals
168
Imagine CO dissociation curve. Carboxyhemoglobin only changes(2): O2 content(down) + left shift(mean high O2 affinity like myoglobin)
Imagine CO dissociation curve. Carboxyhemoglobin only changes(2): O2 content(down) + left shift(mean high O2 affinity like myoglobin)
169
early/late porphyria = abdominal & neuro + _ urine + no/photosensitivity(manifests as_ on _ exposed areas)
Treat with ?
early/late porphyria = abdominal & neuro + wine-colored urine + no/photosensitivity(manifests as blisters, redness, itch on sun exposed areas) Treat with ? glucose or hemin which inhib AlAS synthase
170
HA/HS/HC on electrophoresis?
HA/HS/HC on electrophoresis furthest/further/not further down
171
Pentose phosphate pathway: non/reversible =
Pentose phosphate pathway: non/reversible = G6PD/transketolase= NADPH/ glycolytic(ribose) + nucleotide(frutose) intermidiate.
172
cyp450 inducer(_, barbs, antiepileptics) activate alas (while _inhib alad & ferrochelase) so can trigger acute porphyria.
cyp450 inducer(alcohol, barbs, antiepileptics) activate alas (while lead inhib alad & ferrochelase) so can trigger acute porphyria.
173
2,3 bPG cause _ox affinity(dissociates easily so move to r_) so if can’t bind higher O2 affinity-> example ?
H/barts=b/y tetramer
2,3 bPG cause dec ox affinity(dissociates easily so move to right) so if can’t bind higher O2 affinity-> example HF does not bind 2,3 bisBPG that is why bind O2 with higher affinity.. H/barts=b/y tetramer
174
Treatment for gerd? 3
weak alkali minerals salts[aloh/ mg which cause / so combined to offset effect] or
PPI-prazole[ irrv bind HT-atpase can cause _ infections and _ deficiencies
cimetidine
Treatment for gerd? weak alkali minerals salts[aloh/ mg which cause constipation/diarrhea so combined to offset effect] or PPI-prazole[ irrv bind HT-atpase can cause c.diff infections and nutrional deficiencies
175
Dopamin inhibits GI mobility that why antagonish(_) used to treat gastroparesis
Dopamin inhibits GI mobility that why antagonisht(metoclopramide) used to treat gastroparesis
176
True diverticular(2)?
True diverticular(2)? merkle and appendicities
177
PBC/PSC/Billiary atresia = _/ both_/_ hepatic bile ducts = _/_/ _ age = pruitus, macrophages with _ / _ , onion skin with inc alkaline phosphotase/ intrahepatic duct prolif->_
PBC/PSC/Billiary atresia = intra_/ both_/extra_ hepatic bile ducts = woam_/_male/ _kid age = pruitus, macrophages with AMA / _ colitis, onion skin with inc alkaline phosphotase/ intrahepatic duct prolif->fibrosis
178
Hereditary _: SPINK1 mutatation ->trypsin too active [ typsin can activate(enteropep too) &; inhib self]
Hereditary pancretitis: SPINK1 mutatation ->trypsin too active [ typsin can activate(enteropep too) & inhib self]
179
Chrons disease can have _stones too because mostly affects _ where bile is absorbed.
Chrons disease can have gall_stones too because mostly affects illeum_ where bile is absorbed.
180
H. pyloric( acute/chronic= prox_/_ where)
Zollinger-ellison gastrinoma(duodenom, or _) with ulcers
_ duodenal bulb and _gastrin response to secretin.
H. pyloric( acute/chronic= prox_/_ where)/ Zollinger-ellison gastrinoma(duodenom, or _) with ulcers beyond duodenal bulb and _gastrin response to secretin.
181
Autoimmune gastritis is _inflammation @ fundus/body with
| _ cell destruction
Autoimmune gastritis is CD4 inflammation @ fundus/body with parietal cell destruction
182
Autoimmune _= anti sm
Autoimmune hepatitis = anti sm
183
inhaled_ anesthetics cause _ hepatitis with marked elevation in _ + prolong PTT(albumin _ because long half life)
inhaled_ anesthetics cause fulmigant hepatitis with marked elevation in ALT + prolong PTT( alb normal because long half life)
184
Shigella targets _-cells
Shigella targets _-cells
185
gall stone illues: pneumobilia/pneumatosis = air in _/_? due to cholescytoenteric fistula/ perforation
gall stone illues: pneumobilia/pneumatosis = air in _/_? due to cholescytoenteric fistula/ perforation
186
C. difficle considered _ diarrhea
C. difficle considered inflammatory diarrhea
187
_ intestinalis(_ in bowel _) confirms necrotizing enterocolitis in _ newborns who have _ feeding.
pneumatosis intestinalis(_ in bowel _) confirms ecrotizing enterocolitis in premature newborns who have formula feeding.
188
Neoplastic(2) polyps /non(4)= _, adenomatous(_>tubular)/ hyperplastic, juvenile(_omas), inflammatory( like crohns), submucosal(lipomas or _) ; most important malig factor is inc poly_
Neoplastic(2) polyps /non(4)= serrated, adenomatous(_>tubular)/ hyperplastic, juvenile(_omas), inflammatory( like crohns), submucosal(lipomas or _) ; most important malig factor is inc poly size
189
_ disease: systemic so presents with malabsorption _, joint & CNS problems. by tropheryma whippelii forms _ macrophages with _ bacteria + _stain + diastase resistant granules.
Seen in Pop?
Whipple disease: systemic so presents with malabsorption diarrhea, joint & CNS problems. by tropheryma whippelii forms _ macrophages with bacilli bacteria + _stain + diastase resistant granules. Seen in middle-age white males
190
Pancreatic cancer: _ is major ENV. risk factor( PJS + HNP colon cancer as well)
Pancreatic cancer: smoking is major env. risk factor( PJS + HNP colon cancer as well)
191
process meat & low fiber risk factor for _cancer
process meat & low fiber risk factor for colon cancer
192
Antitrpys deficiency present also with_ disease due to accumulation
Antitrpys deficiency present also with liver disease due to accumulation.
193
hemachromatosis/ wilson diseas = iron/copper acccum = deposits in joint, pancreas(bronzed diabees), heart/ phychiatiric & neuro problems.
hemachromatosis/ wilson diseas = iron/copper acccum = deposits in joint, pancreas(bronzed diabees), heart/ phychiatiric & neuro problems.
194
Vit a deficiency presents?
| A favors _
Vit a deficiency presents blindness + dryness(eye + skin due to no keratonocyte diff) + itchy( due to hyperkeratosis) so vit A favors diff over prolif.
195
Rifaximin/lactulos both for hepatic encephalopaty mech?
Rifaximin/lactulos both for hepatic encephalopaty by dec production/ in conversion to ionic form
196
curling/crushing ulcers from ?
curling/crushing ulcers from trauma like burn/ intracranial injury -> dec mucosal protect/ in vagal->acid
197
APC/ (Kras,dcc), p53/ msh,mlh1 = earlier/later mutations in / dna repair = all FAP + most sporatic/ (either) colon carcinoma only/ lynch syndrom HNNPC
APC/ (Kras,dcc), p53/ msh,mlh1 = earlier/later mutations in / dna repair = all FAP + most sporatic/ (either) colon carcinoma only/ lynch syndrom HNPC
198
nonspecific Viral hepatitis presents with _ inflitration with hepatocyte necrosis( appear _ with _ cytoplasm) forming councilman bodies (_ _cells).
Viral hepatitis presents with lymphocytic inflitration with hepatocyte necrosis( appear balloned_ with pale cytoplasm) forming councilman bodies (eosionophilic apoptotic cells).
199
specific Acute/ chronic viral hepatitis = _/ _ inflammation with pale eosinophilic ground glass hepatocytes(hep_) or fat(Hep _)
mallory bodies(eosinophilc intermediate filaments)
Acute/ chronic viral hepatitis = panlobulor/ portal triad inflammation with ground glass hepatocytes(hepB) or fat(Hep C)
200
right/left colon cancer present like?
right/left colon cancer = large/small = occult bleed-iron def anemia/obstruct
201
Asprin used may be preventative of _ adenocarcinomas because Cox-_ block prevents cancer growth(specific for colon adenocarcinoma)
Asprin used may be preventative of colon adenocarcinomas because Cox-2 block prevents cancer growth(specific for colon adenocarcinoma)
202
autoimmune gastritis/ h.pylori (acute/chronic at antrum/body) assoc with adenocarinoma + _/malt lymphoma.
autoimmune gastritis/ h.pylori (acute/chronic at antrum/body) assoc with adenocarinoma + carcinoid/malt lymphoma.
203
In appendicitis surgery, _is landmark
In appendicitis surgery, tenia coli is landmark not psoas muscle( only for examinations not even diagnosis cause not specific)
204
Lymph node drainage of ant rec(IM)/mid rec (_ + I_)/anus(inguinal) follows arteries
middle colic is anastamosis?
rectum drianage before/after dentate line = ?
Lymph node drainage of ant rec(IM)/mid rec (IM + Illiac)/anus(inguinal) follows arteries
middle colic is anastamosis of IMA & SMA
rectum drianage before/after dentate line = IM & illac/ inguinal = sup & mid/ lower rectum
205
Cryptosporidium stains _shows _organisms; limited/advanced watery diarrhea in _/_. histology of intestine shows?
Cryptosporidium stains acid fast shows cystic organisms; limited/advanced watery diarrhea in not/compromised. histology of intestine shows inflam infiltrate in lamina propira( with blunt vili) and basophilc cyst lining epithelium
206
Pacreatic ventral/dorsal bud?
Pacreatic ventral/dorsal bud= head(uncinate process?) /body + sup part of head = main(Wirsung) / accessary duct if unfused (if fused main in within body)
207
Pancreatic divisum(unfused) can present with _
Pancreatic divisum(unfused) can present with recurrent pancretitis.
208
retroperitoneal bleeds mnuemonic :SA_( exept 1st part!)PUCKE_(mid-distal)…aorta vrs pancreatic bleed hi/lo shock(bp)
retroperitoneal bleeds mnuemonic :SAD( exept 1st part!)PUCKER(mid-distal)…aorta vrs pancreatic bleed hi/lo shock(bp)
209
sliding/paraesophageal hernias of GE ?
sliding/paraesophageal hernias of GE juction/ fundus (parts of stomach) due to para esophagea membrane laxity/ hole ( + laxity( of gastrocolic & splenic ligaments too)
210
Bochdaleck/lesser sac hernia =
Bochdaleck/lesser sac hernia =t hrough post diaphragm/ through foramen of winslow?
211
urethra,lower vagina, eustacian tube and PC cells are ?
laryngeal cartilage and teeth?
Embroyonic parts? Pf cells now endoderm
| , Gi, lungs, thyroid, parathyroid, eustachian tube, urethra
212
HCV gene unstable because 2?
HCV gene unstable because no proofreading due to no 3-5 exonuclease enz + hypervariable region in envelop glycoprotein.
213
Dna primase/glycosylase does? = Rna primer/ BP repair removes NG base
Dna primase/glycosylase does? = Rna primer/ BP repair removes NG base
214
37. D-Galactosemia: GALT: galac1p->glu1 so deficiency -> juandice due to (galac1p accum), _ sepsis, to treat, change diet to _ milk( s for sucrose)
Phosphoglucomutase: glu1p ->glu6p
GALK: galac->galac1p so indeficiency benign _ due to galactitol accum
Aldose _: galac->galactitol (also glu->sorbitol)
37. D-Galactosemia: GALT: galac1p->glu1 so deficiency -> juandice due to (galac1p accum), E.coli sepsis, to treat, change diet to Soy milk( s for sucrose)
Phosphoglucomutase: glu1p ->glu6p
GALK: galac->galac1p so indeficiency benign cataracts due to galactitol accum
Aldose reductase: galac->galactitol (also glu->sorbitol)
215
tetrodotoxin in pufferfish block V.gated _
tetrodotoxin in pufferfish block V.gated Na
216
verapamil blocks _-type Ca
verapamil blocks L-type Ca
217
Erythrocytosis criteria? What distinguishes absolute(hyposia induced how measure, BM, EPO) from relative.? Relative due to volume _?
Erythrocytosis criteria? What distinguishes absolute(hyposia induced how measure, BM, EPO) from relative.? Relative due to volume _?
Hematocrit >50+-2 for men and women. Rbc mass distinguish absolute from relative. Measure hypoxia induced with SaO2 <92% or paO2 <65; volume contraction
218
HIV/AIDs with colitis: consider _(looks like?)
HIV/AIDs with colitis: consider _(looks like?)
| CMV: cells with basophilic intranuclear inclusions
219
What does microsporidium(like _) cause?
What does microsporidium(like cryptosporidium) cause?
| Diarrhea with destruction of villus architecture
220
Hairy cell leukemia presents in Pop? Hallmark(2)
Hairy cell leukemia presents in Pop? Hallmark(2)
| Middle-aged men; bone marrow failure(dry tap, pancytopenia) & splenomegaly
221
_ sideroblasts are found in myelodysplastic syndrome
Ringed sideroblasts are found in myelodysplastic syndrome
222
Host protease cleaves what protein in HIV?
Host protease cleaves what protein in HIV?
| Viral/host protease cleave gag-pol/env polyprotiens-> protease inhibs blaock viral protease-> immature virons
223
Ig A is not in _ not serum.
Ig A is not in _ not serum.
224
Neonatal tetanus prevented via? Immunization whom?
| when can immunize kid?
Neonatal tetanus prevented via? Immunization whom?
| Cord care? Immunize mother with IgG then active immunization (around 2 mths not at birth!)
225
Myeloproliferative disorders present? Gain of function mutation of ? A what type of receptor?
Myeloproliferative disorders present? Gain of function mutation of ? A what type of receptor?
Labs with elevated myloid cells. have JAK2( non receptor cytoplasmic TK) gain mutation
226
Poisoning:
_ Na channels(2)
Puffer fish = _otoxin
(dinoflagellates in red tide =Saxitoxin )
_ NA open (2)
eel/ frogs = ciguatoxin/batachotoxin
Poisoning:
Puffer fish/ dinoflagellates in red tide = tetradotoxin/Saxitoxin = inihb NA channels
eel/ frogs = ciguatoxin/batachotoxin = keep NA open
227
Cifovir and foscarnet do _ require viral kinase
Cifovir and foscarnet do not
228
On histology: infectious mono(what organ problem is very indicative) vrs neutrophil? Other cells look like: monocyte, eosioinphil, basophil, lymopho, plasma?
```
On histology: infectious mono(what organ problem is very indicative) vrs neutrophil? Other cells look like: monocyte, eosioinphil, basophil, lymopho, plasma?
Atypical lymphocyte(splenomegaly) with abundant cytoplasm vrs hypersegmented granule. Notch, bilobed with major basic protein, obscured nuclei, small cytoplasm, spoke-wheel chromati + perinuclear paleness
```
229
Meconium ileus due to ? specific for what disease
Meconium ileus due to ? specific for what disease
| Inspissated (dehydrated) meconium ; CFTR( die from pneumonia, bronchiectasis, cor pulmonale)
230
Air-fluid levels with bowel dilation on X ray means?
Air-fluid levels with bowel dilation on X ray means?
| Bowel obstruction
231
HIV with ocular disease? On funduscopy? Treat?
HIV with ocular disease? On funduscopy? Treat?
| CMV retinitis: yellow white, fluffly retinal lesions around vessels with hemorrhage; Gangcycovir
232
Colon adenoma -> carcinoma sequence ?
Colon adenoma -> carcinoma sequence ?
| APC tsg mutation->kras mutation for proliferation-> p53 mutation so apc / p53 in most adenoma/carcinoma
233
Bilary sludge (especially _ stone which is different from brown pigment stone( due to biliary tract_)
Bilary sludge (especially cholesterol which is different from brown pigment stone( due to biliary tract infection))
234
IgA protease producers?(4) How does IgA protect?
IgA protease producers?(4) How does IgA protect?
| N.gono & meningis, s.pnue, h.infl, ; IgA is a mucosal immunoglobin protects by preventing mucosal adherence.
235
Pneumocystis pneumonia common in what pop? What stain? Treat?
Pneumocystis pneumonia common in what pop? What stain? Treat?
Advanced HIV, special stains(silver), TM-SMX
236
Ceftriaxone and azithromycin can treat _ pneumonia?
Ceftriaxone and azithromycin can treat _ pneumonia?
| Community acquired.
237
Incontinences types? Disease assoc?
Posterior vaginal wall prolapse: aka
Rectocele?
Incontinences types? Disease assoc?
Posterior vaginal wall prolapse: aka
Rectocele?
238
Rabies presents? post-exposure propylaxic?
_-like prodome with spasms and _ flaccid paralysis ;
Ig and inactivated vaccine( _effective after symptom onset.
Rabies presents? Post-exposure propylaxic
Flu-like prodome with spasms and acending flaccid paralysis ; Ig and inactivated vaccine( not effective after symptom onset.
239
CYP450 inducer/inhibitors? How affect drug metabolism & serum concentration
Drugs metabolized by cYP450? 3
barbs, rifampin, griseofulvin, chronic alcohol/ ritonavir, isoniazid, cimetidine, macrolides, azoles, grapefruit= Inc/dec drug metabolism->dec/inc serum concentrations of drug.
statins, phenytoin, warfirn, cyclophosphamide
240
Intestinal vrs diffuse gastric adenocarcinoma ? Signet ring cell look on histology?
puched out ulcer with raised margins/Solid luminal mass of cuboidal/columnar cells vrs linistis plastica with mucin producing signet ring cells
241
Islands or sheet of uniform cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm and oval to round stippled nuclei ?
Carcinoid tumours on histology?
| Islands or sheet of uniform cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm and oval to round stippled nuclei
242
Which malaria protozoa does not have dormant liver phase? How does mefloquine work? How long must take it for?
Which malaria protozoa does not have dormant liver phase? How does mefloquine work? How long must take it for? Falciparum( no hypnozoite( are sleeping in liver) but has schizont which are active in rbc); mefloquine kills schizonts; 4 wks after return due to schizonts release from liver
243
CLL vrs Hodgkin lymhoma?
CLL vrs Hodgkin lymhoma? Both B cell( 3 markers after cd19) but Hodgins Is localized and cll is leukemia.
244
If see esophageal biopsy look for ss, reflux esophagitis, barets, leiomyoa ?
If see esophageal biopsy look for ss, relux esophagitis, barets, eiomyoa = keratin pearls, esoinophiles, goblet cells, spindle cells.
245
Most common presentation of cryptococcus neoformis?
Most common presentation of cryptococcus neoformis?
| Meningoencephalitis
246
Which expression in breast cancer suggest more aggressiveness
Which expression in breast cancer suggest more aggressiveness
HER2 ( bcl is good prognosis unlike in lymphoma)
247
Criptoneoformis hallmark? Color on mucicamine stain, most common disease?
Criptoneoformis hallmark? Color on mucicamine stain, most common disease?
polysaccharide capsule that is red on mucicamine stain affects pop( immuncocompromised)
248
Causes of Candida overgrowth in vagina(1 most common, other not)? ph?
Causes of Candida overgrowth in vagina(3)? Most common?
estrogen( steroids, preg), diabetes, immunosupression(antibiotic most common: pathophysio is because reduces lactobacilli) unlike Trichomonas & vaginosis ph is typically low
249
Naegleria fowleri?
| Motile trophozoite
Naegleria fowleri?
| Is a motile trophozoite causes meningoencephalitis gotten from water activities
250
Erythema multiform looks like? Gotten from(2) pathogeniesis and type of immune response?
Erythema multiform looks like? Gotten from(2) pathogeniesis and type of immune response?
target shaped lesions from HSV or mycoplasma pneumoniae leads to deposition of antigens in keratinocytes hence cytotoxic-Tcell response.
251
Treat criptoneoformis?
Treat criptoneoformis?
| Ampho + flucytosine then varconisol( playing flute to call amphebians)
252
_precursor of bilary stone(especially cholesterol) formations?
billary sludge precursor of bilary stone(especially cholesterol) formations?
253
Chron’s disease fistulas can form with _:
Chron’s disease fistulas can form with _: Enterocutaneous fistulas
254
Vinca alkaloids work @? Side effects?
Vinca alkaloids work @? Side effects? Mitosis phase of cell cycle; peripheral neuropathy &neurotoxicity
255
Colitis vrs sporadic associated colorectal cancer
Colitis vrs sporadic associated colorectal cancer
| Colitis is younger, flat, proximal, multi-focal and more aggressive because adenoma to carcinoma sequence flipped.
256
Staph food poisoning is _ heat-stable enterotoxin because _onset.
Staph food poisoning is preformed heat-stable enterotoxin because rapid onset.
257
Gi tract iron deficiency anemia is due to_ blood .
Gi tract iron deficiency anemia is due to occult blood so can’t rule out lack of dark or bright red stool in patient.
258
Chemo induced neutropenia(fevers) due to _bacteria release from chemo _ site damage
Chemo induced neutropenia(fevers) due to endogenous bacteria release from chemo musocal site damage
259
Immunity against Gardia lambia trophozite is _
Immunity against Gardia lambia trophozite is IgA not via neutrophil!
260
How is INH metabolized?
How is INH metabolized? by acetylation ( can be fast or slow with slow one having more drug side effects)
261
How can proteasome inhibitors(bortezomib: boronic acid) treat MM?
How can proteasome inhibitors(bortezomib: boronic acid) treat MM? Hi Ig synthesis so if inhib proteasome -> proapopototic protein accumulate -> cell apoptosis
262
Diet Risk factors for diverticulosis(4)? Looks like on resected colon?
Diet Risk factors for diverticulosis? Looks like on resected colon? Red meat(obese), low fiber, inactivity, smoke. Outpouching (vrs polyps) with fecal matter.
263
Bordetella pertussis and h.influ are both shape? Bordetella presents?
Bordetella pertussis and h.influ are both shape? Bordetella presents? Bordetella toxins 2 g- coccobacillus; with dry cough with vomiting; tracheal/pertussis= destroy ciliated cells/inc CAMP ->cough/lymphocytosis
264
Elisa tests for HIV is for _ antiboides
elisa measures virus _
western blot to _
Elisa tests for HIV is for non-specific antiboides
elisa measures virus antibody titers
western blot to confirm
265
Nocardia is _ and causes pneumonia & brian _ ( as opposed to actinomyces israli)
Nocardia is partially acid-fast and causes pneumonia & brian abscesses ( as opposed to actinomyces israli)
266
HTLV cause leukemia in southern _
lol
267
leukocytoclastic vasculities is due to _or _-> nonblanching purpura without significan bleeds.
Chrons consider effects of (3)
autoimmune hepatitis: pop? association?
leukocytoclastic vasculities is due to antibiotic or viral hepatitis-> nonblanching purpura without significan bleeds.
Chrons consider effects of ADEK, gallstones, diarrhea
autoimmune hepatitis: women, ulcerative colities
268
hepatic encephalopahty is precipitated by _( that inc ammonia levels)
hepatic encephalopahty is precipitated by stressure( that inc ammonia levels)
