Cancer

Question 1

Describe mitosis

Answer 1

Is division of a somatic cell that results in 2 identical daughter cells.

Question 2

Stages of mitosis

Answer 2

G1- interphase where cell DNA is copied
S- 46 chromosomes are dublicated
G2- cell doubble checks for any errors
mitosis- cells are expelled.

Question 3

The cell has a variation of size and shape, the nucli is rapid and abnormal what is this?

Answer 3

Cancerous cell

Question 4

Define cancer

Answer 4

Abnormal cell regulation where the function of cell production becomes abnormal and unpredictable.

Question 5

Benign

Answer 5

Harmless and does not require intervention

Question 6

Maliginant

Answer 6

Indicates cancer and can be harrmfull with no intervention

Question 7

what is metastasis

Answer 7

ability to spread

Question 8

what is proliferation

Answer 8

uncontrolled growth

Question 9

what does carcinoma mean

Answer 9

maliginant tumour of epithelial organ

Question 10

neoplasm

Answer 10

newly formed tumour

Question 11

most common cancer in both genders?

Answer 11

Lung

Question 12

Causes of cancer

Answer 12

Sunlight
smoking
obeasity
high fat diet
infections: HPV, Epstein Bar
Alcohol

Question 13

Explain the grading for cancer T grading in an example o the bowel

Answer 13

T1- bowel tissue only
T2- Grown into the muscular layer of bowel
T3- Has grown through muscle into the outer tissues
T4- Has grown to surrounding organs such as liver

Question 14

Explain the grading for cancer N grading

Answer 14

N0- No lymph node involvment
N1- 1 to 3 lymph nodes surrounding the tissue contain cancer
N2- 4 or more cancer cells grown more than 3cm away from the tumour and are connected to blood supply vessels around the body

Question 15

Explain the grading for matesis

Answer 15

M0- Has not spread to other organs

M1- tumours have spread to other organs in body

Question 16

which organs prolifferate quickly?

Answer 16

Bone marrow, Overies, testisies, hair follicles, bowel mucosa

Question 17

which organs prolifferate slowly?

Answer 17

Lung, liver, kidneys, endocrine glands, vascular

Question 18

Cancer diagnosis?

Answer 18

History
Physical exam 
X-ray 
Blood tests 
CT scan 
MRI  
sputle sample
scope
biopsy
mammogram 
smear

Question 19

side effects of radiotherapy to head and neck?

Answer 19

hair loss
dry mouth 
dificulty swallowing
blistering 
no voice
dry eyes
cerebral oedema
nausea/vomiting
rash

Question 20

What interventions are appropriate for a head and neck radio patient?

Answer 20

Mouth- care kit
dental extractions
skin care 
analgesia 
anti-emetics
eye drops

Question 21

Thoratic radiation side effects?

Answer 21

Skin Rash 
Osophogitis 
dysphagia
cough 
wheeze
late pulmonary fibrosis 
pain 
nausea/ fatigue 
dysapnea

Question 22

Nursing care for radiation to the thoratic cage?

Answer 22

skin care/ avoidance of wires in bras
nutritional assessment little and often 
positioning/ oxygen and nebulisers
analgesia
codine
rest
warm fluids

Question 23

Abdomnal radiation side effects

Answer 23

dihorrea
constipation 
anal ulceration
pain
tenesmus (sensation to open the bowels)
cystitis/haematuria
loss of erectile function
discharge 
dryness
vaginitis

Question 24

abdominal radiation nursing interventions

Answer 24

skin care
management for bowels (movicol, laperomide)
increase fluid intake
lubricant 
consider egg/sperm freezing
immunosupression

Question 25

what is brachytherapy?

Answer 25

grains of radiotherapy inserted into the cancerious area to expose radiation

Question 26

what is radioactive isotope therapy?

Answer 26

procedure in which a liquid form of radiation is administered internally through infusion or injection.

Question 27

what are targeted therapy (monocolnial antibodies?)

Answer 27

They target the protein in the cells causing them to die or trigger the immune system to attack the cells.

Question 28

How does hormone therapy work?

Answer 28

slows down or prevents the cancer from growing

Question 29

why is chemo given on certain dates?

Answer 29

To target the cell cycle at its most vunerable.

Question 30

what differet routes can you give chemo?

Answer 30

orally intravenously catheter intracavity

Question 31

side effects of chemotherapy?

Answer 31

``` nausea/ vommiting Hair loss lethargy immunosuppression dry/ sore skin change in bowel habbit psychological/ emotional impact death ```

Question 32

what types of groups of chemotherapy are there?

Answer 32

anti-metabolisers: inhibit proteins and enzymes for DNA production Alkylating agents: stop the DNA from unravveling cytoxic antibodies: stop the DNA replication plant alkaloids: stop the spindle from forming

Question 33

Other uses of chemotherapy?

Answer 33

Rhumatoid arthritis chrones disease psorisis vasculitis