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RUSVM Theriogenology 2017 > Canine Repro > Flashcards

Canine Repro Flashcards

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1
Q

Cutaneous bridge

A

the area between the vulva and anus used to stimulate to assess stage of estrous

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2
Q

Puberty

A

ability of the hypothalamic neurons to produce sufficient GnRH

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3
Q

What is the average time for proestrus?

A

9 days

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4
Q

What is the average time for estrus?

A

9 days

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5
Q

What is the average time for diestrus?

A

2 months

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6
Q

What is the average time for anestrus?

A

5 months

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7
Q

What is the minimum days required for uterine involution in canine?

A

90 days

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8
Q

Interestrus period

A

time from the beginning of one estrus to the beginning of the next estrus

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9
Q

What is the minimum interestrus period cycle length in canine?

A

4 months

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10
Q

Describe the normal vaginal cytology during anestrus of the canine?

A

2-4 cell layers thick

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11
Q

Describe the vaginal cytology during proestrus in the canine?

A

greater than 20-40 cell layers thick

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12
Q

Why does the vagina grow 20-40 cell layers thick during proestrus?

A

Protect vagina against trauma
Prevent bacterial entry
Allow classification of stage of estrous

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13
Q

What should you avoid during vaginal cytology?

A

Avoid clitoral fossa, clitoris, and urethral orifice

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14
Q

Describe the physical changes during Proestrus?

A

Turgid swelling of vulva

hemorrhagic vulvar discharge

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15
Q

What is the response of the female dog during early proestrus?

A

Growling
Aggression
snapping

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16
Q

What is the response of the female dog during late proestrus?

A

sits down when dog attempts to mount

tucks tail

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17
Q

Describe the cells on the vaginal cytology during proestrus?

A

Cornified epithelial cells - “corn flakes”

Large angular cells with small/ no nuclei

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18
Q

Describe Physical changes during estrus

A

softening of vulvar swelling

scant blood discharge

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19
Q

Crenulation

A

max shrinkage of mucosa of the vagina

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20
Q

Describe the hormones during estrus in canine?

A

Progesterone rising
Estrogen falling
LH and FSH peaks

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21
Q

Describe cells during Estrus in the canine?

A

anuclear squames
no WBC’s
Cells may clump - “clumping”

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22
Q

What causes the preovulatory rise in Progesterone?

A

follicular estrual luteinization

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23
Q

What stimulates the presence of neutrophils in the vagina?

A

Presence of sperm

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24
Q

In what stage is the primary oocyte in the bitch ovulated at?

A

Prophase 1

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25
How long does it take for the oocyte to go through meiosis before it can be fertilized?
2-3 days
26
How long is the seondary oocyte viable for in the canine?
3-4 days
27
When do you breed naturally in the canine?
48-72 hours after 5ng/ml of Progesterone
28
When do you breed with shipped semen in the canine?
72-96 hours after 5ng/ml of Progesterone
29
When do you breed with frozen semen in the canine?
at least 96 hours 5ng/ml of Progesterone
30
When are canine oocytes fertilized post ovulation?
108 hours
31
What is more definitive than measuring Progesterone in the canine?
LH Assays
32
What is the disadvantage for LH assays?
must take daily samples
33
What is the requirement for morphology in the dog?
80%
34
What is the requirement for motility in the dog?
80%
35
What is the sperm reservoir in the female?
Endometrial glands
36
What is the most common method of semen collection in the dog?
Manual stimulation and ejaculation
37
What method of semen collection requires general anesthesia?
Electroejaculation
38
How many sperm per ejaculate in the dog?
300 million - 2 billion
39
What drugs are used for chemical ejaculation in the dog?
Oxytocin | PGF 2 alpha
40
Where do you find vaginal strictures/ bands?
vestibulo-vaginal area
41
How do you treat a pregnancy with a vaginal stricture?
C-section
42
Superfecundation
where two males breed the same female during a single estrus
43
Superfetation
where a female may be bred and get pregnant and then go through another receptive period and get pregnant again
44
Gravidity
the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a uterus
45
What maintains the lifespan of the Corpus Luteum in the canine?
Relaxin + Progesterone + Prolactin
46
On days 21-28 on abdominal palpation what do you feel?
String of pearls
47
When can you perform Radiography to diagnose pregnancy in the canine?
after 42 days
48
When can you diagnose pregnancy on ultrasound with a fetal heartbeat?
22-25 days
49
When can you diagnose pregnancy with relaxin serum levels?
21-28 days
50
What is included in pregnancy management?
``` Regular exercise Weight control Nutrition Multiple small meals Fish oil Avoid supplements ```
51
How long is the gestation length in canine after LH peak?
65 days
52
How long is the gestation length in the canine after ovulation?
63 days
53
How long is the gestation length in the canine after onset of diestrus?
56-57 days
54
How long is the gestation length in the feline?
63 days
55
What does purulent discharge during pregnancy mean?
pyometra | dead fetus
56
What are the choices of antibiotics in the pregnant bitch?
Clavamox Cephalosporin Quinolones Ampicillin
57
What might a greenish discharge mean during pregnancy?
placental separation
58
How do you treat fetal wastage?
Evacuate uterine contents with PGF 2 alpha
59
What are the cause of fetal wastage?
``` Trauma heat stress luteal insufficiency viral bacteria cystic endometrial hyperplasia protozoa ```
60
What are the clinical signs of Uterine Torsion?
Abdominal pain | distress
61
What happens to initiate pregnancy?
Progesterone falls rapidly
62
What behavior do you see 12-24 hours before parturition?
Nesting
63
Uteroverdin
Greenish-black discharge from the accumulation of maternal blood that supplies fetuses with iron supplementation
64
What is the first stage of parturition?
Removal of the progesterone block from uterus | Increase in oxytocin receptor sites
65
What is the second stage pf parturition?
Active contractions | Amnion appears
66
What stimulates the urge to push in the canine?
fetus in the pelvic canal
67
What is Ferguson's reflex?
oxytocin release & abdominal contractions
68
What appears first in the canine parturition?
Amnion
69
What are the criteria for intervention?
Active contractions greater than 1 hour Rest period greater than 4 hours Black thick discharge without fetus
70
What is the common presentation of the fetus in the canine?
cranial longitudinal presentation with front limbs extended
71
Primary uterine inertia
incompletely dilated cervix
72
What breeds are predisposed to Primary uterine inertia?
Terrier breeds
73
Secondary uterine inertia
when pup obstructs and uterus tires
74
What types of conformation cause Dystocia int he canine?
``` old healed pelvic fractures persistent hymen structures stricture diaphragmatic rupture obesity neoplasia ```
75
What do you give for a bitch with no intrapelvic obstruction?
Oxytocin
76
If there is no puppy born within 30 minutes of giving oxytocin what do you give?
Calcium with glucose and then oxytocin | Then C-section
77
What is the third stage of parturition?
Passage of placentae
78
How many layers are in the zonary endotheliochorial placenta?
5
79
How many layers are in the Primate and Human placenta?
3
80
How many layers in the Equine placenta?
6
81
What is a problem with C-sections?
Litter size reduces by 1-2 pups after the 1st C-section | Adhesions form everytime you cut into the uterus
82
What is normal for fluid and cellular material expelled form the uterus?
Red Watery No odor Brownish mucoid lochia after 4-6 weeks
83
What is abnormal for fluid and cellular material expelled form the uterus?
Mucoid | Odor
84
How do you manage a dam after parturition?
Monitor mammary glands and vulvar discharge dailly Unlimited food and water Reduce food at weaning
85
What is the condition that the puppy must overcome as part of their post partum adjustment?
Respiratory and Metabolic acidosis
86
Metritis
Inflammation of uterus (endometrium and myometrium)
87
What are the clinical signs of Metritis?
Fever depression Purulent vulvar discharge
88
What is the treatment for Metritis?
PGF 2 alpha Fluids Antibiotics
89
What is the Diestral disease?
Pyometra
90
Cystic Endometrial Hyperpllasia
Normal down regulation of estrogen receptors due to increasing progesterone is defective
91
What is the most common organism that invades CEH?
E. coli
92
What is the clinical presentation of Open Pyometra?
``` Less severely ill Copious red-brown to yellow- green foul smelling vulvar discharge Depression Leukocytosis PU/PD ```
93
What is the clinical presentation of Closed Pyometra?
``` No discharge Abdominal swelling Systemically ill Depression Leukocytosis PU/PD ```
94
What is the treatment of choice for pyometra?
OHE
95
What is the medical therapy for pyometra?
PGF 2 alpha
96
What are the side effects of PGF 2 alpha?
``` panting salivation vomiting defecation vocalization ```
97
What is the clinical presentation of Uterine prolapse?
Firm tubular mass protruding from the vulva
98
What is the treatment for Uterine prolapse?
OHE
99
Type 1 Vaginal prolapse
floor of vagina
100
Type 2 vaginal prolapse
floor and walls through vulva
101
Type 3 Vaginal prolapse
entire vaginal circumference
102
What is the medical treatment for Vagina prolapse?
Should regress after ovulation Induce ovulation - GnRH or hCG Keep clean and moist Use e-collar
103
What is the surgical treatment for Vaginal prolapse?
Purse string suture OHE Remove hormone source
104
What are the differential diagnoses for tissue protruding from the vulva?
``` Vaginal neoplasia Vaginal hyperplasia Vaginal prolapse Vestibular mass Intersex ```
105
Perineal Masses
``` Tumors abscesses Hematomas Seromas Vaginal Leiomyoma ```
106
What are the common causes of Mastitis?
Staph Strep Coliforms
107
What are the treatments for Mastitis?
``` Hot pack and strip abnormal milk NSAIDs Probiotics for puppies Surgical removal of dead or gangrenous gland flush hole in side of gland ```
108
Glactorrhea
Spontaneous flow of milk from mammary gland unassociated with pregnancy
109
What are the clinical signs of False pregnancy?
Spontaneous development of mammary gland | Usually clear discharge
110
What is the treatment of false pregnancy?
Cabergoline
111
What is the 2nd type of neoplasia in the dog?
Mammary neoplasia
112
What are the progressive clinical signs of Hypocalcemia?
``` Panting Pacing Muscle tremors Ataxia Hyperthermia Tonic-Clonic convulsions Death ```
113
How o you treat hypocalcemia?
IV calcium gluconate Oral calcium supplements Weaning
114
Split estrus
Short interval between clinical signs of proestrus
115
What are the predispositions for using progesterones?
Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia | Pyometra
116
When would you begin supplementing a pregnancy with Progesterone?
after 45 days or avoid the first trimester (21 days)
117
What are the complications of supplementing progesterone in a canine pregnancy?
Masculinization of female pups
118
When should you remove supplemental progesterone from a pregnancy in the canine?
2-3 days prior to due date to allow cervix to relax adequately
119
Mibolerone
Androgenic compound that prevents LH release by negative feedback preventing estrus
120
What is contraindicated in cat pregnancy?
Mibolerone
121
What is the side effect of Mibolerone in cats?
liver toxicity
122
What are the possible complications of using Mibolerone?
Clitoral hypertrophy | vaginitis
123
Deslorelin
GnRH analogue used for long or short term suppression of reproductive function in dogs
124
What is a side effect of "Mismating shots"?
Pyometra
125
Estrogen toxicity
Bone marrow suppression
126
What is the side effect of Estrogen toxicity?
Pyometra
127
What are the options to mismating shots?
``` Spaying once in diestrus Waiting until Day 28-30 - Ultrasound Allowing whelping Euthanasia of pups Placement of pups ```
128
Prostaglandins
Multiple small injections will lyse the CL of bitch or queen
129
What are the side effects of Prostaglandins?
``` smooth muscle contractions drop in blood pressure vomiting diarrhea salivation panting ```
130
What are prostaglandins used to treat?
Pyometra retained placenta mismating collection of males
131
Prolactin
luteotopic in bitch or queen during 2nd trimester
132
What are Prolactin inhibitors?
Bromacriptine - Dopamine agonist | Cabergoline - Serotonin antagonist
133
What should you use before mid gestation for abortion induction?
Lutalyse
134
What should you use after mid gestation for abortion induction?
Bromocryptine +Lutalyse
135
What do you do to induce estrus in the canine?
Cabergoline
136
Canine Pseudopregnancy
Syndrome of mammary development, galactorrhea, nesting behavior mothering behavior of toys
137
What is the treatment for Canine Pseudopregnancy?
Cabergoline
138
What are the side effects of Terbutaline?
cardiac effects
139
What causes unwanted uterine contractions?
Dead pup infection inflammation
140
Domperidone
used for bitch that whelps with little to milk
141
What is a complication of OHE?
Ovarian Remnant Syndrome
142
What is a common complication of OHE in cats?
Ovarian Remnant Syndrome
143
What are the signs of Ovarian Remnant Syndrome?
Recurrent estrus: swollen vulva, serosanguinous discharge
144
How do you diagnose Ovarian Remnant Syndrome?
``` AMH Cytology Ultrasound Check Hormones GnRH or hCG ```
145
What is the treatment for Ovarian Remnant Syndrome?
Exploratory or Laparotomy to remove ovary | Submit for Histology
146
What is the hormone used to detect for Spay Check?
Anti-Mullerian Hormone
147
How does the test for Spay Check work?
AMH produced by ovarian follicles and found exclusively in the ovaries to reliable detect when ovaries are present
148
Puppy Vaginitis
small amount of purulent discharge in prepubertal bitch
149
How do you treat Puppy Vaginitis?
Postpone space until it resolves Resolves with first estrus Estrogen therapy
150
What is the treatment for Adult Vaginitis?
Estrogen cream Premarin tablets Episioplasty
151
Episioplasty
Removal of excess skin folds around the vulva allowing freer voiding of urine
152
What does Brucella canis cause?
Abortion due to placentitis Orchitis/epididymitis Erythritol in placenta and epididymis
153
How do you diagnose Brucella canis?
``` Test all dogs with enlarge testes culture semen Ultrasound Rapid Slide Agglutination test Tube Agglutination test Agar gel Immunodiffusion test IFA PCR ```
154
How do you treat Brucella canis?
Castration | Antibiotics
155
What is the plan for an animal with positive results for Brucella canis with clinical signs?
Blood or discharge cultures
156
What is the plan if an animal is positive during a routine screen for Brucella canis?
AGID to rule out false positive
157
What is the plan for an animal that is negative for brucella canis on routine screen?
No other test needed
158
What is the plan for an animal with a negative result for brucella canis but has clinical signs?
3 monthly tests required to rule out false negative
159
How do you prevent Brucella Canis in a population?
Test all new additions three times before introducing Test all breeding animals annually or biannually AI to decrease male exposure
160
How do you treat Mycoplasma in the dog?
Doxycycline
161
What does Canine Herpesvirus cause?
Neonatal deaths primarily - placentitis aboriton stillbirths
162
Clinical signs of Canine Herpesvirus
Fading puppies - crying, greenish stool, abdominal pain
163
How do you treat Canine Herpesvirus?
Hyperimmune plasma
164
What are the lesions of Canine Herpesvirus?
petechial hemorrhages in kidneys, liver, lung, spleen
165
When do testes descend in the scrotum?
10 days - 16 weeks
166
What hormone is used for diagnosis of Cryptorchidism?
hCG
167
What is the treatment for Testicular Torsion?
Bilaterally orchidectomy
168
What is important to remember about Sertoli tumors?
Bilateral
169
What are the clinical signs of Sertoli tumor?
``` feminization pancytopenia anemia bilateral symmetrical alopecia Hyperpigmentation of inguinal area dry skin gynecomastia prostatitis pendulous prepuce bone marrow hypoplasia ```
170
Describe a Male Pseudohermaphrodite
Mass near right vulvar lip | partially functional testicle
171
What is the breed predisposed to Urethral prolapse?
English bulldogs
172
What is the surgical treatment for Urethral prolapse?
Surgical removal of prolapsed tissue\ | Urethropexy
173
What is the most commonly diagnose prostatic disease?
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
174
What are the clinical signs of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?
``` Serous to serosanguinous discharge Urethral discharge hematuria rectal tenesmus dysuria caudal abdominal pain infertility Constipation with characteristic ribbon-like feces ```
175
Acute bacterial prostatitis clinical signs
``` fever depression pain on rectal palpation neutrophilia pyuria bacteriuria ```
176
Chronic bacterial prostatitis clinical signs
recurrent lower urinary tract infections
177
Prostatic adenocarcinoa clinical signs
``` poor appetite weight loss hind limb weakness dysuria hematuria dyschezia ```
178
Prostatic and paraprostatic cysts
palpable abdominal cystic mass filled with yellow or orange fluid
179
What is the most common cause of bacterial prostatitis?
E. Coli
180
What is the treatment of choice for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?
Castration
181
What is the treatment for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?
5-alpha reductase inhibitors = Finasteride

RUSVM Theriogenology 2017 (7 decks)

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