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RUSVM Theriogenology 2017 > Canine Repro > Flashcards

Canine Repro Flashcards

1
Q

Cutaneous bridge

A

the area between the vulva and anus used to stimulate to assess stage of estrous

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2
Q

Puberty

A

ability of the hypothalamic neurons to produce sufficient GnRH

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3
Q

What is the average time for proestrus?

A

9 days

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4
Q

What is the average time for estrus?

A

9 days

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5
Q

What is the average time for diestrus?

A

2 months

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6
Q

What is the average time for anestrus?

A

5 months

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7
Q

What is the minimum days required for uterine involution in canine?

A

90 days

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8
Q

Interestrus period

A

time from the beginning of one estrus to the beginning of the next estrus

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9
Q

What is the minimum interestrus period cycle length in canine?

A

4 months

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10
Q

Describe the normal vaginal cytology during anestrus of the canine?

A

2-4 cell layers thick

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11
Q

Describe the vaginal cytology during proestrus in the canine?

A

greater than 20-40 cell layers thick

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12
Q

Why does the vagina grow 20-40 cell layers thick during proestrus?

A

Protect vagina against trauma
Prevent bacterial entry
Allow classification of stage of estrous

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13
Q

What should you avoid during vaginal cytology?

A

Avoid clitoral fossa, clitoris, and urethral orifice

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14
Q

Describe the physical changes during Proestrus?

A

Turgid swelling of vulva

hemorrhagic vulvar discharge

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15
Q

What is the response of the female dog during early proestrus?

A

Growling
Aggression
snapping

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16
Q

What is the response of the female dog during late proestrus?

A

sits down when dog attempts to mount

tucks tail

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17
Q

Describe the cells on the vaginal cytology during proestrus?

A

Cornified epithelial cells - “corn flakes”

Large angular cells with small/ no nuclei

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18
Q

Describe Physical changes during estrus

A

softening of vulvar swelling

scant blood discharge

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19
Q

Crenulation

A

max shrinkage of mucosa of the vagina

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20
Q

Describe the hormones during estrus in canine?

A

Progesterone rising
Estrogen falling
LH and FSH peaks

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21
Q

Describe cells during Estrus in the canine?

A

anuclear squames
no WBC’s
Cells may clump - “clumping”

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22
Q

What causes the preovulatory rise in Progesterone?

A

follicular estrual luteinization

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23
Q

What stimulates the presence of neutrophils in the vagina?

A

Presence of sperm

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24
Q

In what stage is the primary oocyte in the bitch ovulated at?

A

Prophase 1

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25
Q

How long does it take for the oocyte to go through meiosis before it can be fertilized?

A

2-3 days

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26
Q

How long is the seondary oocyte viable for in the canine?

A

3-4 days

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27
Q

When do you breed naturally in the canine?

A

48-72 hours after 5ng/ml of Progesterone

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28
Q

When do you breed with shipped semen in the canine?

A

72-96 hours after 5ng/ml of Progesterone

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29
Q

When do you breed with frozen semen in the canine?

A

at least 96 hours 5ng/ml of Progesterone

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30
Q

When are canine oocytes fertilized post ovulation?

A

108 hours

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31
Q

What is more definitive than measuring Progesterone in the canine?

A

LH Assays

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32
Q

What is the disadvantage for LH assays?

A

must take daily samples

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33
Q

What is the requirement for morphology in the dog?

A

80%

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34
Q

What is the requirement for motility in the dog?

A

80%

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35
Q

What is the sperm reservoir in the female?

A

Endometrial glands

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36
Q

What is the most common method of semen collection in the dog?

A

Manual stimulation and ejaculation

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37
Q

What method of semen collection requires general anesthesia?

A

Electroejaculation

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38
Q

How many sperm per ejaculate in the dog?

A

300 million - 2 billion

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39
Q

What drugs are used for chemical ejaculation in the dog?

A

Oxytocin

PGF 2 alpha

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40
Q

Where do you find vaginal strictures/ bands?

A

vestibulo-vaginal area

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41
Q

How do you treat a pregnancy with a vaginal stricture?

A

C-section

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42
Q

Superfecundation

A

where two males breed the same female during a single estrus

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43
Q

Superfetation

A

where a female may be bred and get pregnant and then go through another receptive period and get pregnant again

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44
Q

Gravidity

A

the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a uterus

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45
Q

What maintains the lifespan of the Corpus Luteum in the canine?

A

Relaxin + Progesterone + Prolactin

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46
Q

On days 21-28 on abdominal palpation what do you feel?

A

String of pearls

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47
Q

When can you perform Radiography to diagnose pregnancy in the canine?

A

after 42 days

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48
Q

When can you diagnose pregnancy on ultrasound with a fetal heartbeat?

A

22-25 days

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49
Q

When can you diagnose pregnancy with relaxin serum levels?

A

21-28 days

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50
Q

What is included in pregnancy management?

A 
Regular exercise 
Weight control 
Nutrition 
Multiple small meals 
Fish oil 
Avoid supplements
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51
Q

How long is the gestation length in canine after LH peak?

A

65 days

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52
Q

How long is the gestation length in the canine after ovulation?

A

63 days

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53
Q

How long is the gestation length in the canine after onset of diestrus?

A

56-57 days

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54
Q

How long is the gestation length in the feline?

A

63 days

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55
Q

What does purulent discharge during pregnancy mean?

A

pyometra

dead fetus

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56
Q

What are the choices of antibiotics in the pregnant bitch?

A

Clavamox
Cephalosporin
Quinolones
Ampicillin

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57
Q

What might a greenish discharge mean during pregnancy?

A

placental separation

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58
Q

How do you treat fetal wastage?

A

Evacuate uterine contents with PGF 2 alpha

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59
Q

What are the cause of fetal wastage?

A 
Trauma 
heat stress
luteal insufficiency 
viral 
bacteria
cystic 
endometrial hyperplasia 
protozoa
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60
Q

What are the clinical signs of Uterine Torsion?

A

Abdominal pain

distress

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61
Q

What happens to initiate pregnancy?

A

Progesterone falls rapidly

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62
Q

What behavior do you see 12-24 hours before parturition?

A

Nesting

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63
Q

Uteroverdin

A

Greenish-black discharge from the accumulation of maternal blood that supplies fetuses with iron supplementation

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64
Q

What is the first stage of parturition?

A

Removal of the progesterone block from uterus

Increase in oxytocin receptor sites

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65
Q

What is the second stage pf parturition?

A

Active contractions

Amnion appears

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66
Q

What stimulates the urge to push in the canine?

A

fetus in the pelvic canal

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67
Q

What is Ferguson’s reflex?

A

oxytocin release & abdominal contractions

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68
Q

What appears first in the canine parturition?

A

Amnion

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69
Q

What are the criteria for intervention?

A

Active contractions greater than 1 hour
Rest period greater than 4 hours
Black thick discharge without fetus

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70
Q

What is the common presentation of the fetus in the canine?

A

cranial longitudinal presentation with front limbs extended

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71
Q

Primary uterine inertia

A

incompletely dilated cervix

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72
Q

What breeds are predisposed to Primary uterine inertia?

A

Terrier breeds

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73
Q

Secondary uterine inertia

A

when pup obstructs and uterus tires

74
Q

What types of conformation cause Dystocia int he canine?

A 
old healed pelvic fractures
persistent hymen structures 
stricture
diaphragmatic rupture 
obesity 
neoplasia
75
Q

What do you give for a bitch with no intrapelvic obstruction?

A

Oxytocin

76
Q

If there is no puppy born within 30 minutes of giving oxytocin what do you give?

A

Calcium with glucose and then oxytocin

Then C-section

77
Q

What is the third stage of parturition?

A

Passage of placentae

78
Q

How many layers are in the zonary endotheliochorial placenta?

A

5

79
Q

How many layers are in the Primate and Human placenta?

A

3

80
Q

How many layers in the Equine placenta?

A

6

81
Q

What is a problem with C-sections?

A

Litter size reduces by 1-2 pups after the 1st C-section

Adhesions form everytime you cut into the uterus

82
Q

What is normal for fluid and cellular material expelled form the uterus?

A

Red
Watery
No odor
Brownish mucoid lochia after 4-6 weeks

83
Q

What is abnormal for fluid and cellular material expelled form the uterus?

A

Mucoid

Odor

84
Q

How do you manage a dam after parturition?

A

Monitor mammary glands and vulvar discharge dailly
Unlimited food and water
Reduce food at weaning

85
Q

What is the condition that the puppy must overcome as part of their post partum adjustment?

A

Respiratory and Metabolic acidosis

86
Q

Metritis

A

Inflammation of uterus (endometrium and myometrium)

87
Q

What are the clinical signs of Metritis?

A

Fever
depression
Purulent vulvar discharge

88
Q

What is the treatment for Metritis?

A

PGF 2 alpha
Fluids
Antibiotics

89
Q

What is the Diestral disease?

A

Pyometra

90
Q

Cystic Endometrial Hyperpllasia

A

Normal down regulation of estrogen receptors due to increasing progesterone is defective

91
Q

What is the most common organism that invades CEH?

A

E. coli

92
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Open Pyometra?

A 
Less severely ill
Copious red-brown to yellow- green foul smelling vulvar discharge
Depression 
Leukocytosis 
PU/PD
93
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Closed Pyometra?

A 
No discharge 
Abdominal swelling 
Systemically ill 
Depression 
Leukocytosis 
PU/PD
94
Q

What is the treatment of choice for pyometra?

A

OHE

95
Q

What is the medical therapy for pyometra?

A

PGF 2 alpha

96
Q

What are the side effects of PGF 2 alpha?

A 
panting 
salivation 
vomiting 
defecation 
vocalization
97
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Uterine prolapse?

A

Firm tubular mass protruding from the vulva

98
Q

What is the treatment for Uterine prolapse?

A

OHE

99
Q

Type 1 Vaginal prolapse

A

floor of vagina

100
Q

Type 2 vaginal prolapse

A

floor and walls through vulva

101
Q

Type 3 Vaginal prolapse

A

entire vaginal circumference

102
Q

What is the medical treatment for Vagina prolapse?

A

Should regress after ovulation
Induce ovulation - GnRH or hCG
Keep clean and moist
Use e-collar

103
Q

What is the surgical treatment for Vaginal prolapse?

A

Purse string suture
OHE
Remove hormone source

104
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for tissue protruding from the vulva?

A 
Vaginal neoplasia
Vaginal hyperplasia
Vaginal prolapse
Vestibular mass
Intersex
105
Q

Perineal Masses

A 
Tumors
abscesses
Hematomas
Seromas
Vaginal Leiomyoma
106
Q

What are the common causes of Mastitis?

A

Staph
Strep
Coliforms

107
Q

What are the treatments for Mastitis?

A 
Hot pack and strip abnormal milk 
NSAIDs
Probiotics for puppies 
Surgical removal of dead or gangrenous gland 
flush hole in side of gland
108
Q

Glactorrhea

A

Spontaneous flow of milk from mammary gland unassociated with pregnancy

109
Q

What are the clinical signs of False pregnancy?

A

Spontaneous development of mammary gland

Usually clear discharge

110
Q

What is the treatment of false pregnancy?

A

Cabergoline

111
Q

What is the 2nd type of neoplasia in the dog?

A

Mammary neoplasia

112
Q

What are the progressive clinical signs of Hypocalcemia?

A 
Panting 
Pacing 
Muscle tremors
Ataxia
Hyperthermia
Tonic-Clonic convulsions 
Death
113
Q

How o you treat hypocalcemia?

A

IV calcium gluconate
Oral calcium supplements
Weaning

114
Q

Split estrus

A

Short interval between clinical signs of proestrus

115
Q

What are the predispositions for using progesterones?

A

Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia

Pyometra

116
Q

When would you begin supplementing a pregnancy with Progesterone?

A

after 45 days or avoid the first trimester (21 days)

117
Q

What are the complications of supplementing progesterone in a canine pregnancy?

A

Masculinization of female pups

118
Q

When should you remove supplemental progesterone from a pregnancy in the canine?

A

2-3 days prior to due date to allow cervix to relax adequately

119
Q

Mibolerone

A

Androgenic compound that prevents LH release by negative feedback preventing estrus

120
Q

What is contraindicated in cat pregnancy?

A

Mibolerone

121
Q

What is the side effect of Mibolerone in cats?

A

liver toxicity

122
Q

What are the possible complications of using Mibolerone?

A

Clitoral hypertrophy

vaginitis

123
Q

Deslorelin

A

GnRH analogue used for long or short term suppression of reproductive function in dogs

124
Q

What is a side effect of “Mismating shots”?

A

Pyometra

125
Q

Estrogen toxicity

A

Bone marrow suppression

126
Q

What is the side effect of Estrogen toxicity?

A

Pyometra

127
Q

What are the options to mismating shots?

A 
Spaying once in diestrus 
Waiting until Day 28-30 - Ultrasound 
Allowing whelping 
Euthanasia of pups
Placement of pups
128
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Multiple small injections will lyse the CL of bitch or queen

129
Q

What are the side effects of Prostaglandins?

A 
smooth muscle contractions
drop in blood pressure 
vomiting 
diarrhea
salivation 
panting
130
Q

What are prostaglandins used to treat?

A

Pyometra
retained placenta
mismating
collection of males

131
Q

Prolactin

A

luteotopic in bitch or queen during 2nd trimester

132
Q

What are Prolactin inhibitors?

A

Bromacriptine - Dopamine agonist

Cabergoline - Serotonin antagonist

133
Q

What should you use before mid gestation for abortion induction?

A

Lutalyse

134
Q

What should you use after mid gestation for abortion induction?

A

Bromocryptine +Lutalyse

135
Q

What do you do to induce estrus in the canine?

A

Cabergoline

136
Q

Canine Pseudopregnancy

A

Syndrome of mammary development, galactorrhea, nesting behavior mothering behavior of toys

137
Q

What is the treatment for Canine Pseudopregnancy?

A

Cabergoline

138
Q

What are the side effects of Terbutaline?

A

cardiac effects

139
Q

What causes unwanted uterine contractions?

A

Dead pup
infection
inflammation

140
Q

Domperidone

A

used for bitch that whelps with little to milk

141
Q

What is a complication of OHE?

A

Ovarian Remnant Syndrome

142
Q

What is a common complication of OHE in cats?

A

Ovarian Remnant Syndrome

143
Q

What are the signs of Ovarian Remnant Syndrome?

A

Recurrent estrus: swollen vulva, serosanguinous discharge

144
Q

How do you diagnose Ovarian Remnant Syndrome?

A 
AMH
Cytology 
Ultrasound 
Check Hormones 
GnRH or hCG
145
Q

What is the treatment for Ovarian Remnant Syndrome?

A

Exploratory or Laparotomy to remove ovary

Submit for Histology

146
Q

What is the hormone used to detect for Spay Check?

A

Anti-Mullerian Hormone

147
Q

How does the test for Spay Check work?

A

AMH produced by ovarian follicles and found exclusively in the ovaries to reliable detect when ovaries are present

148
Q

Puppy Vaginitis

A

small amount of purulent discharge in prepubertal bitch

149
Q

How do you treat Puppy Vaginitis?

A

Postpone space until it resolves
Resolves with first estrus
Estrogen therapy

150
Q

What is the treatment for Adult Vaginitis?

A

Estrogen cream
Premarin tablets
Episioplasty

151
Q

Episioplasty

A

Removal of excess skin folds around the vulva allowing freer voiding of urine

152
Q

What does Brucella canis cause?

A

Abortion due to placentitis
Orchitis/epididymitis
Erythritol in placenta and epididymis

153
Q

How do you diagnose Brucella canis?

A 
Test all dogs with enlarge testes
culture semen
Ultrasound 
Rapid Slide Agglutination test 
Tube Agglutination test 
Agar gel Immunodiffusion test 
IFA
PCR
154
Q

How do you treat Brucella canis?

A

Castration

Antibiotics

155
Q

What is the plan for an animal with positive results for Brucella canis with clinical signs?

A

Blood or discharge cultures

156
Q

What is the plan if an animal is positive during a routine screen for Brucella canis?

A

AGID to rule out false positive

157
Q

What is the plan for an animal that is negative for brucella canis on routine screen?

A

No other test needed

158
Q

What is the plan for an animal with a negative result for brucella canis but has clinical signs?

A

3 monthly tests required to rule out false negative

159
Q

How do you prevent Brucella Canis in a population?

A

Test all new additions three times before introducing
Test all breeding animals annually or biannually
AI to decrease male exposure

160
Q

How do you treat Mycoplasma in the dog?

A

Doxycycline

161
Q

What does Canine Herpesvirus cause?

A

Neonatal deaths primarily -
placentitis
aboriton
stillbirths

162
Q

Clinical signs of Canine Herpesvirus

A

Fading puppies - crying, greenish stool, abdominal pain

163
Q

How do you treat Canine Herpesvirus?

A

Hyperimmune plasma

164
Q

What are the lesions of Canine Herpesvirus?

A

petechial hemorrhages in kidneys, liver, lung, spleen

165
Q

When do testes descend in the scrotum?

A

10 days - 16 weeks

166
Q

What hormone is used for diagnosis of Cryptorchidism?

A

hCG

167
Q

What is the treatment for Testicular Torsion?

A

Bilaterally orchidectomy

168
Q

What is important to remember about Sertoli tumors?

A

Bilateral

169
Q

What are the clinical signs of Sertoli tumor?

A 
feminization 
pancytopenia 
anemia 
bilateral symmetrical alopecia 
Hyperpigmentation of inguinal area 
dry skin 
gynecomastia
prostatitis
pendulous prepuce 
bone marrow hypoplasia
170
Q

Describe a Male Pseudohermaphrodite

A

Mass near right vulvar lip

partially functional testicle

171
Q

What is the breed predisposed to Urethral prolapse?

A

English bulldogs

172
Q

What is the surgical treatment for Urethral prolapse?

A

Surgical removal of prolapsed tissue\

Urethropexy

173
Q

What is the most commonly diagnose prostatic disease?

A

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

174
Q

What are the clinical signs of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?

A 
Serous to serosanguinous discharge 
Urethral discharge 
hematuria 
rectal tenesmus 
dysuria 
caudal abdominal pain 
infertility
Constipation with characteristic ribbon-like feces
175
Q

Acute bacterial prostatitis clinical signs

A 
fever 
depression
pain on rectal palpation 
neutrophilia
pyuria 
bacteriuria
176
Q

Chronic bacterial prostatitis clinical signs

A

recurrent lower urinary tract infections

177
Q

Prostatic adenocarcinoa clinical signs

A 
poor appetite
weight loss
hind limb weakness
dysuria
hematuria
dyschezia
178
Q

Prostatic and paraprostatic cysts

A

palpable abdominal cystic mass filled with yellow or orange fluid

179
Q

What is the most common cause of bacterial prostatitis?

A

E. Coli

180
Q

What is the treatment of choice for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?

A

Castration

181
Q

What is the treatment for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?

A

5-alpha reductase inhibitors = Finasteride

RUSVM Theriogenology 2017 (7 decks)

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