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Flashcards in Carbohydrates Deck (15)
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1
Q

Insulin

A

Made by beta cells of pancreatic islets of Langerhans
Promotes glucose entry to liver, muscle, and adipose to store
Inhibits release of glucose from liver
Decreases blood glucose levels

2
Q

Somatostatin

A

Made by delta cells of pancreatic islets of Langerhans
Inhibits secretion if insulin, glucagon, growth hormone
Increases plasma glucose

3
Q

Growth hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

Raise blood glucose

4
Q

Cortisol

A

Secreted by adrenals

Stimulates glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and gluconeogenesis

5
Q

Glucagon

A

Secreted by alpha cells of pancreatic islets of Langerhans
Stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Increases blood glucose

6
Q

Thyroxine

A

Secreted by thyroid
Stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Increases glucose absorption from intestines

7
Q

Glucose renal threshold

A

160-180 mg/dL, above then glucose in urine

8
Q

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

Deficiency of insulin, need insulin to live
Polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss
Ketosis-prone

9
Q

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

A

Defect in insulin secretion, insulin action, and cellular resistance to insulin
Not dependent on insulin to live, associated with obesity/sedentary lifestyle, polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss
Non-ketosis prone

10
Q

Gestational diabetes mellitus

A

Onset during pregnancy
After birth, usually returns to normal, but increased chance for type 2 diabetes later in life

Test with OGTT
Fasting > 92 mg/dL
1 hour > 180 mg/dL
2 hour > 153 mg/dL

11
Q

Blood glucose levels

A

Normal fasting plasma glucose (FPG) < 100 mg/dL
Impaired fasting glucose = 100-125 mg/dL
> 126 mg/dL, check for diabetes with one other method

12
Q

3 diagnostic measures of diabetes mellitus

A

1 - casual plasma glucose > 200 mg/dL
2 - plasma glucose > 200 mg/dL at 2 hours of OGTT
3 - A1c > 6.5%

13
Q

Long term glucose measurements

A

A1c = last 2-3 months,
Ref. range = 4-6%

Fructosamine = last 2-3 weeks
Ref. range = 205/285 umol/L

14
Q

Glucose measurement methods

A

Glucose oxidase = creates colored product

Hexokinase = reduces NADP+ to NADPH

15
Q

Lactate

A

Produced under anaerobic metabolism, assess oxygen deprivation
Forms colored compound during test
Ref. range = 0.5-1.3 mmol/L