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Flashcards in cardiac diseases Deck (29)
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1
Q

gram positive in clusters is what organism

A

staph

2
Q

is bacteria in the bloodstream a diagnosis

A

no it usually indicated that there is a focus of infection elsewhere in the body

3
Q

what organism is commonly present on the flora of the skin

A

staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcus epidermidis

4
Q

what layer of the heart is affected by endocarditis

A

endothelium ( of the heart valves)

5
Q

what are predisposing factors to infective endocarditis

A

heart valve abnormality-calcification in elderly, congenital heart disease
prosthetic heart valve
intravenous drug users particularly right sided endocarditis
intravascular lines

6
Q

what is the pathogenesis of endocarditis

A

the heart valve is damaged
turbulent blood flow over roughened endothelium
platlets/fibrin are deposited
bacteraemia 9may be very transient eg. dental treatment
organisms settle in fibrin/platlet thrombi becoming a microbial vegetation

7
Q

which side of the heart is usually affected with infective endocarditis

A

the left side (aortic and mitral valves)

8
Q

which organisms cause endocarditis on the native valve

A

staphylococcus aureus
viridians streptococci
enterococcus
staphylococcus epidermidis

9
Q

name some atypical causes of endocarditis

A

bartonella, coxiella burnetti, chlamydia, legionella, mycoplasma, brucella
gram negatives
fungi

10
Q

where is the foramen ovale in the heart

A

between the right and left atrium

11
Q

how is the patency of the ductus arteriosus maintained in the foetus

A

circulating prostaglandin E2 which is produced by the placenta

12
Q

which is the most common type of congenital heart defect

A

VSD

13
Q

what are the problems associated with VSD

A

pulmonary blood flow increases

14
Q

what will a small VSD produce (sound)

A

a loud pan-systolic murmur

15
Q

what signs and symptoms will a large VSD cause

A

may show prominent pulmonary arteries on xRAY
may show cardiomegaly
may result in significant LA and LV dilatation
heart failure symptoms in childhood
pulmonary hypertension and Eisenmenger’s complex

16
Q

what is a small VSD also known as

A

maladie de Roger

17
Q

are ASDs more common in women or men

A

2-3 times more common in women than men

18
Q

what signs and symptoms are associated with ASD

A

right heart overload and dilatation
dyspnoea and exercise intolerance
may develop atrial arrhythmias from right atrial dilatation
pulmonary hypertension
volume overload in RV
right ventricular heave can usually be felt

19
Q

what is PDA (patent ductus arteriosus)

A

persistent communication between the proximal left pulmonary artery and the descending aorta resulting in a continuous left to right shunt

20
Q

what can help stimulate the close of a patent ductus arteriosus

A

indomethacin

21
Q

what signs are associated with PDA

A

bounding pulse
continuous ‘machinery murmur’
as pulmonary hypertension develops in a large PDA murmur becomes softer

22
Q

what happens in tetralogy of fallot

A

large malaligned VSD
an overriding aorta
right ventricular outflow tract obstruction
right ventricular hypertrophy

23
Q

what do the symptoms of tetralogy of fallot often depend on

A

degree of pulmonary stenosis

24
Q

what syndrome is associated with tetralogy of fallot

A

DiGeorge syndrome

25
Q

what does the closure of the ductus arteriosus result in

A

a fibrous ligament the ligamentum arteriosum

26
Q

how does a right bundle branch block affect the axis of the heart

A

it has no effect

27
Q

what does right bundle branch block cause

A

splitting of the second heart sound

28
Q

what does right bundle branch block look like on the ECG

A

tall R waves in VI and deep S waves in lead 1 and v6

29
Q

what does left bundle branch block look like on ECG

A

tall R waves in lead 1 and V6 and deeps S waves in VI