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EMT > Cardiac Emergencies > Flashcards

Cardiac Emergencies Flashcards

1
Q

3 parts of the circulatory system AKA cardiovascular system

A
  • Heart
  • Blood vessels
  • Blood
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2
Q

Sinoatrial node (SA)

A

Located in the upper portion of right atrium and is the primary peacemaker of the heart

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3
Q

Atrioventricular Node (AV)

A

Located @ the crux and is the secondary peacemaker

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4
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

Located throughout the ventricles and is the final peacemaker

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5
Q

What happens if the left ventricle is damaged?

A

It will cause fluid to back up into the lungs

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6
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Are the first 2 arteries off the aorta, and are responsible for supplying the heart with oxygenated blood (Does not come from the blood pumped through the chambers).

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7
Q

Ischemia

A
  • Too little O2 reaching the tissue

- when encountered in the heart muscle it will become hypoxic and die

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8
Q

Heart attack also known as?

A

Myocardial infarction (MI)

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9
Q

Abnormal electrical can be?

A

Fatal

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10
Q

What is the most common rhythm for full arrest?

A

Ventricular fibrillation (VF)

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11
Q

Platelets do what?

A

Helps in clotting process to stop bleeding

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12
Q

Clots form at the bleeding sight are called ?

A

Thrombus

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13
Q

Thrombin

A

A protein responsible for activating the formation of a clot.

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14
Q

Fibrin

A

Protein strands that form a mesh that strengthens a clot.

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15
Q

Electrocardiogram

A
  • ECG/EKG

- Graphic representation of the heart’s electrical activity

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16
Q

P wave

A

Depolarization(Contraction) of the atria.

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17
Q

QRS complex

A

Depolarization of the ventricles repolarization(relaxation) of the atria underneath.

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18
Q

T wave

A

Repolarization of the ventricles

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19
Q

Coronary artery diseases (CAD)

A

The narrowing and hardening of the coronary arteries.

20
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Hardening of the arteries which causes narrowing.

21
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Plaque forming in the arteries which causes narrowing.

22
Q

What happens if plaque that formed in the coronary artery rips off?

A

It will cause clotting to start and form thrombus which can completely occlude the artery.

23
Q

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

A
  • When the problem actually starting to happen from the coronary arteries narrowing.
  • Unstable angina
  • Myocardial infarction
24
Q

Angina pectoris

A

“Pain in the Chest” occurs when Increased workload is placed on the heart.

25
Q

Unstable Angina

A

Prolonged and worsening, or occurs without exertion & when Pt is at rest.

26
Q

Pathophysiology of Angina Pectoris

A
  • inadequate O2 supply to the heart muscle (myocardium)
  • Generally during periods of stress, physical/emotional
  • Usually felt under the sternum, can radiate to the jaw and arm
  • Once the stress is removed and the pt rests the pain will usually go away.
27
Q

Angina S/Sx

A
  • Steady discomfort
  • described as: Pressure,tightness,aching, crushing, or heavy.
  • radiate to shoulder, back, jaw, or arm
  • cool clammy skin
  • Anxiety
  • SOB
  • Diaphoresis
  • N/V (Nausea/Vomiting)
28
Q

Angina may present different for these people:

A
  • Women
  • Diabetics
  • Elderly
29
Q

Angina Rx

A
  • O2 usually 2-6lpm
  • NTG if pt has Rx EMT may assist
  • Aspirin 160-325mgs not for EMTs in SD, National Registry allows with medical direction
30
Q

Give O2 for angina Pts if you see these signs:

A
  • SOB
  • Hypoxemic
  • Signs of heart failure
  • O2 sat <94%
  • O2 sat unknown
31
Q

Nitroglycerin should not be given (contraindicated) with these conditions

A
  • systolic Bp less than 100mmhp (SD)
  • Pt with head injury
  • Pt who uses ED drugs: viagra, cialis, or lavitra within the last 48hrs
  • If pt has taken 3 doses already
32
Q

EMTs may Assist Pt with nitroglycerin if they’re _________

A
  • Systolic BP is greater than 90mmHg (National)
  • Systolic BP is greater than or equal to 100mmHg (SD)
  • Max dose 3
33
Q

Nitroglycerin

A
  • Dilates blood vessels
  • Decreases work load of the heart
  • Decreases cardiac oxygen demand
34
Q

Aspirin

A
  • 324mgs baby aspirin in SD by paramedics, oral chewable
  • EMTs will not give in SD, but for national registry it allows with medical direction
  • Aspirin Decreases the ability of the platelets in the blood to form clots.
35
Q

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

A
  • Portion of the heart muscle begins to die due to lack of O2
  • Coronary artery disease narrowing leads to MI
  • 20-30 without proper O2 supply tissue will die
36
Q

Ischemia can produce abnormal electrical conduction called?

A

Dysrhythmias which can be fatal

37
Q

Myocardial infarction (MI)

A
  • same as angina but longer
  • Often described as pressure
  • Pain may radiate to jaw, L arm, or epigastric region
  • CP may only be relieved or not at all by NTG
  • sense of impending doom
  • poor skin signs-pale,cool,moist
  • possible for the MIs to be “silent” without pain. PT may not know they are having a MI
38
Q

MI Rx

A
  • NTG When indicated
  • O2 but be careful not to give to much
  • Aspirin with medical direction (National)
39
Q

CP Rx

A

Make sure to recognize the possibility of “cardiac compromise” and provide proper care. Death of heart muscle is permanent and irreversible.

40
Q

Aortic aneurysm

A
  • weakened section of the aortic wall begins to dilate or balloon outward from pressure
  • commonly caused by atherosclerosis
  • Most often occur in the ABDM region, can have a tearing pain radiating to the back
  • Aneurysms may be present for long periods of time without S/Sx
  • Suddenly burst causing rapid and fatal internal bleeding
  • Late Sx would be pulsating mass in the ABDM
41
Q

Aortic dissection

A
  • Tear in the inner lining of the aorta, blood enters and begins to separate the layers
  • tearing/ripping pain to the back
  • May see a profound difference in Systolic Pressures in both arms.
  • Differences in pulses
  • Late Sx also a pulsating mass
42
Q

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

A

Is a medical diagnosis that refers to the condition in which there is a buildup fluid (congestion) in the body resulting from the pump failure of the heart.

43
Q

Congestive heart failure (CHF) cause & effects right side

A
  • Right side Failure where the R ventricle is failing as a pump, caused by L ventricle Failure,COPD,Hypertension
  • which causes a systemic back up and will eventually cause the L ventricle to become less effective
44
Q

Congestive heart failure (CHF) cause & effects Left side

A
  • Left side failure where the left ventricle fails as a pump, pt will present with crackles/rales, possibly with swelling to the ankles & SOB with Jugular vein distinction
  • causes a back up into the lungs and eventually the body, due to R ventricle Failure
45
Q

Rx for CHF

A
  • O2
  • Assis with NTG, Aspirin
  • Fowler’s position
  • PPV and dangle their legs
46
Q

How much dosage Of epinephrine for an adult?

A

0.3mg

47
Q

Epinephrine dosage for pediatric

A

0.15mg

EMT (26 decks)

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