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Cardiovascular Lecture 1 > Cardiac Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Cardiac Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Velocity is INVERSELY related to ________ ______ ________

A

Cross-sectional area

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2
Q

Volume per unti time is _______

A

Flow

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3
Q

Distance per unit time is ________

A

Velocity

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4
Q

Velocity Formula

A

V=Q/A Where V=Velocity Q=Flow A=Cross-sectional area

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5
Q

Velocity of the bloodstream depends on _____ and ____________

A

blood flow and vacular cross-sectional area

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6
Q

Blood flow is driven by the differences in total energy between ___ ____

A

two points

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7
Q

Three primary factors that determine to resistance in a single blood vessel

A

vessel diameter (or radius), vessel length and viscosity of the blood

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8
Q

The most important factor in changin resistance to flow in a vessle is ________

A

vessel diameter because of contraction and relaxation of vascular smooth muscle in the vessel wall

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9
Q

Blood viscosity usually stays the same except when ________ changes

A

hematocrit

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10
Q

According to Bernoulii’s principle, when a vessel diameter decreases what happens

A

the velocity increases

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11
Q

___________ can be defined as the physical factors that govern blood flow

A

Hemodynamics

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12
Q

Ohm’s Law Formula

A

I=V/R Where I =Current Flow V=Velocity drop R= Resistance

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13
Q

CO =

A

MAP-CVP/SVR

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14
Q

_____ ______ is the force exerted by the blood against any unit area of the vessel wall

A

blood pressure

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15
Q

One mm of Hg pressure -

A

1.36 cm H20 pressure

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16
Q

Blood flow through an organ or any vascular network is driven by a _______ _____ that is normallly represented by the difference between the ____ and ______ pressures across the organ

A

perfusion pressure / arterial and venous

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17
Q

Cerebral Perfusion Pressure =

A

MAP-CVP or ICP (whichever is higher)

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18
Q

Coronary Perfusion Pressure =

A

DBP-LVEDP

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19
Q

Blood flow is directly proportional to thefourth power of the radiusof the vessel, which demonstrates once again that the ________________ plays by far the greatest role of all factors in determining the rate of blood flow through a vessel.

A

diameter of a blood vessel (which is equal to twice the radius)

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20
Q

Flow is ___________ proportional to the length of the tube

A

Inversely

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21
Q

In the systemic circulation, about ________ of the total systemic resistance to blood flow is arteriolar resistance in the small arterioles

A

two-thirds

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22
Q

Flow is ___________ proportional to the viscosity of the tube

A

Inversely

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23
Q

The greater the ________, the lower the flow in a vessel if all other factors are constant

A

Viscosity

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24
Q

The viscosity of normal blood is about ____ times the viscosity of water

A

3 times

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25
Q

If a person has a HCT of 40, this means that _____% of the blood volume is cells and the remainder is plasma

A

40%

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26
Q

_________ is the impediment to blood flow in a vessel and cannot be measured by any direct means

A

Resistance

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27
Q

SVR =

A

(MAP-CVP)/CO x 80

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28
Q

Normal SVR

A

700-1600

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29
Q

SVR is primarily determined by changes in BLOOD VESSEL DIAMETER, changes in _______ also affect SVR

A

Viscosity

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30
Q

SVR refers to the resistance to blood flow offered by ALL of the systemic vasculature except the _____ ______

A

pulmonary vasulature

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31
Q

Blood vessels branch extensively to form parallel circuits that supply blood to the many organs and tissues of the body. This parallel arrangement permits each tissue to ____________________

A

regulate its own blood flow, to a great extent, independently of flow to other tissues.

32
Q

Increases in any of the blood vessels increases the _______ ______ _______

A

Total vascular resistance

33
Q

When Reynold’s number rises between ______ and _____ turbulent flow will occur at some branches of vessels but will die out along the smooth portions of the vessels

A

200 and 400

34
Q

At Reynold’s number of ______, turbulent blood flow will occur even in straight, smooth vessel

A

2000

35
Q

Reynold’s number < 2000

A

Usually Laminar Flow

36
Q

Reynold’s number 2000 to 3000

A

Variable

37
Q

Reynold’s number greater than 3000

A

usually turbulent

38
Q

Turbulent flow occurs where?

A

in large arteries at branch points, in diseased and narrowed arteries, and across stenotic valves

39
Q

Turbulence _______ ____ at any given perfusion pressure

A

decreases flow

40
Q

Turbulence generates sound waves that can be heard with a ________

A

stethoscope

41
Q

Of the formed elements in blood, ____ cells have the greatest effect on viscosity

A

RED

42
Q

Changes in _________ are the primary means by which blood flow is regulated within organs

A

Resistance

43
Q

The difference between SBP and DBP is the

A

Pulse pressure

44
Q

Strictly speaking, _____ is the pressure at the junction of the vena cava and the right atrium

A

CVP

45
Q

Normal CVP

A

1-7 mmHg

46
Q

CVP reflects the driving force for filling the right atrium and ____ _____

A

right ventricle

47
Q

Describe the A wave on the CVP

A

a is for atrium… this is the right atrial contraction.
It correlates with the P wave on the ECG.
It disappears with atrial fibrillatio

48
Q

Describe the C wave on the CVP

A

c is for cusp… this is the cusp of the tricuspid valve, protruding backwards through the atrium, as the right ventricle begins to contract.
It correlates with the end of the QRS complex on the ECG

49
Q

Describe the V wave on the CVP

A

As blood fills the right atrium, it hits the tricuspid valve and this is the back-pressure wave
It happens after the T wave on the ECG
It also gives an impression of tricuspid competence.
A huge V wave is suggestive of tricuspid regurgitation,

50
Q

What can you DIRECTLY measure with a Swan-Ganz catheter

A

CVP, RAP, RVP, PA pressure, PCWP, CO, Mixed Venous oxyhemoglobin saturation (SvO2)

51
Q

What can you INDIRECTLY measure with a Swan Ganz catheter?

A

SVR, PVR, CI, SVI, LVSWI, RVSWI, Oxygen Delivery (D02), Oxygen Uptake (V02)

52
Q

the best transducer placement for standard clinical monitoring is at a vertical height approximately ___cm below the left sternal border at the fourth intercostal space.

A

5 cm

53
Q

CO =

A

HR x SV

54
Q

SV =

A

EDV - ESV

55
Q

EF =

A

SV/EDV = EDV - ESV/EDV

56
Q

CO Fick Measurement =

A

02 per minute absorbed by lungs (ml/min) / arteriovenous 02 difference (ml/L of blood)

57
Q

The Stewart-Hamilton Equation relates to what?

A

Indicator Dilution dye method of measuring cardiac output

58
Q

With a thermodilution temperature curve, the area under the curve is __________ proportional to cardiac output

A

inversely

59
Q

Good cardiac output will generate a curve with _____ area and bad cardiac will produce a curve with _______ area

A

Less / greater

60
Q

Right Atrial Pressure

A

Mean 5 Range 1-10

61
Q

Right ventricular end-systolic / edn diastolic pressure

A

Mean 25/5 Range 15-30 / 0-8

62
Q

PA systolic / Diastolic

A

Mean 23/9 Range 15-30 / 5-15

63
Q

Mean Pulmonary arterial Pressure

A

Mean 15 Range 10-20

64
Q

PCWP

A

Mean 10 Range 5-15

65
Q

Left Atrial Pressure

A

Mean 8 Range 4-12

66
Q

Left Ventricular end-diastolic pressure

A

Mean 8 Range 4-12

67
Q

Left Ventricular Systolic pressure

A

Mean 130 Range 90-140

68
Q

CI =

A

CO/BSA 2.8-4.2 L/min/m2

69
Q

SV =

A

CO x 1000/HR 50-100ml/beat

70
Q

SI =

A

SV/BSA 30-65ml/beat/m2

71
Q

LVSWI =

A

uses MAP and PCWP and normal range is 45-60

72
Q

RVSWI =

A

uses PAP and CVP and normal range is 5-10

73
Q

SVR =

A

MAP-CVP/CO x 80 normal range is 900-1400

74
Q

SVRI =

A

MAP-CVP/CI x80 normal range is 1500 - 2400

75
Q

PVR =

A

PAP-PCWP x 80/CO normal range is 150-250

76
Q

PVRI =

A

PAP-PCWP x80/CI normal range is 250-400

Cardiovascular Lecture 1 (3 decks)

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