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A&P II - Spring 2025 > Cardiac Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Cardiac Lecture 7 Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

Concentric hypertrophy adds sarcomeres in _______

A

parallel - thicker wall

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2
Q

Eccentric hypertrophy adds sarcomeres in ______

A

series - stretched out wall

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3
Q

Why is it difficult to get an accurate lab value for thyroid hormone?

A

Fat-soluble hormone

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4
Q

What is the main symptom of hyperthyroidism?

A

Unexplained tachycardia at rest

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5
Q

The parathyroid gland controls _____ levels in the blood

A

calcium - PTH

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6
Q

The thyroid gland controls _____

A

metabolism

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7
Q

Protrusion of the thyroid gland is also called

A

Protrusion of goiter

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8
Q

The thyroid is highly ______

A

vascular - bleeding risk

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9
Q

Which recurrent laryngeal nerve loops under aortic arch?

A

left recurrent laryngeal nerve

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10
Q

The L recurrent laryngeal nerve passes under the _______

A

aortic arch

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11
Q

Which recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around the brachiocephalic artery?

A

right recurrent laryngeal nerve

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12
Q

Thyroid hormone makeup

A

Tyrosine (AA) + 3 or 4 iodides

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13
Q

What kind of thyroid hormone does the thyroid gland release the most?

A

T4 - thyroxine (93%)

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14
Q

What is the other name for T3?

A

triiodothyronine

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15
Q

What is the difference in the structure of T3 and T4 from tyrosines with 1-2 iodides attached?

A

T3 and T4 have 2 benzene rings
- T1/2 only have 1 (combine to form T3)

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16
Q

How much iodine is needed in the diet? What is the main source?

A

50 mg/year, table salt

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17
Q

TSH comes from the ______

A

anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

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18
Q

TRH comes from the ______

A

hypothalamus

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19
Q

T4 (thyroxin) is produce by an enzyme combining ____

A

combining 2 diiodityrosine (T2)s together

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20
Q

How does thyroid hormone move in the CV system?

A

3 carrier proteins - TBG (thyroxine-binding globulin), thyroxine-binding pre-albumin, and albumin

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21
Q

T3 is produced by an enzyme combining _____

A

combining 1 T1 and 1 T2 together

monoiodotyrosine +diiodotyrosine = triiodothyronine (T3)

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22
Q

Where are the carrier proteins for thyroid hormone made?

A

the liver

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23
Q

How does thyroid hormone turn on genes?

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A

By passing through the nuclear pore, receptors are in the nucleus

24
Q

What are the results of thyroid hormone mediated protein synthesis?

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A

Growth, increased metabolism, CNS development, inc CV system (CO, HR, RR)

25
Does the BP increase in response to thyroid hormone? Why or why not?
No - inc CO if function of reduced SVR
26
Protein carriers of thyroxine
primary = TBG - thyroxine binding globulin 2ndary: Thyroxine binding prealbumin and Albumin
27
How long does it take for thyroid hormone to make changes after release?
6-8 hours, peak around 10 days
28
A pituitary tumor would result in what?
Inc TSH, inc thyroid hormone, sensed by hypothalamus which dec production of TRH
29
A thyroid tumor would result in what?
Inc thyroid hormone, sensed by hypothalamus which dec production of TRH, resulting in dec production of TSH in the anterior pituitary
30
A tumor in the hypothalamus would result in what?
Inc TRH, inc TSH, inc thyroid hormone
31
What is the name of the enzyme that converts T4 into T3 in the cytoplasm?
Iodinase
32
Which form of thyroid hormone is most active within the nucleus?
T3
33
_______ disease is an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies activate TSH receptors, resulting in hyperthyroidism
Grave's
34
What is the side effect of Grave's disease that impacts the eyes?
exophthalmos - corneal protrusion
35
________ is the disorder in which antibodies attack the thyroid gland
Hoshimotos thyroiditis
36
What would be the result of iodine deficiency?
Inc TRH, TSH, but no thyroid hormone - goiter
37
How can thyroid cancer be treated?
Radioactive iodine - I-131
38
What would the result of a massive inc of dietary iodine be?
Dec thyroid hormone - cooks the system, can be used to help treat hyperthyroidism
39
What medication is packaged in iodine?
Amiodarone
40
What is the medication given to treat hypothyroidism?
Synthroid - low compliance d/t side effects
41
What is the most common type of shock?
Hypovolemic
42
________ shock is induced with volatile anesthetics
neurogenic - takes CV control offline
43
Describe how anaphylactic shock occurs
histamine release from mast cells causes venous dilation and decreased CO
44
Describe how septic shock occurs
usually caused by a gram (+) infection which dilates blood vessels and dec CO
45
Reduced SNS activity has what effect on outcomes of hemorrhage?
Decreased ability to survive
46
After 20% blood loss, the arterial pressure is ______ and CO is _____
normal, low
47
Why is arterial BP normal even when CO is reduced after 20% blood loss?
SNS - vasoconstriction, SVR inc (dec CO)
48
A patient won't hypovolemic shock once the MAP decreases to less than ____% of normal
45%
49
The body can compensate for a ___% decrease in MAP
50%
50
________ is when the body can compensate for shock, while _____ is when the body is unable to compensate for shock
Non-progressive shock, progressive
51
You can lose ____% of blood volume without impacting MAP or CO
10%
52
____% of blood loss is not survivable
40%
53
What are the blood storage pools in the body?
spleen, pulmonary circulation, GI system
54
What are the body's compensations for heart failure?
Inc Psf (SNS activation) Fluid retention (kidneys)
55
______L/min is the critical CO needed for survival
5
56
How do digitalis and milrinone help the body compensate for heart failure?
Gives the heart more time to repair itself by increasing CO to the critical level
57
How can fluid retention result in worsening heart failure?
Heart unable to reach adequate CO so kidneys continue to retain fluid bc they can't reach their BP goal

A&P II - Spring 2025 (23 decks)

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