Cardiac pt 2

Question 1

what can identify coronary plaque burden or vulnerable plaques

Answer 1

MRI
CT

Question 2

what is chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy typically due to

Answer 2

slow, progressive ddeath of myocytes from chronic ischemia

Question 3

what is the most common cause of CHD

Answer 3

atherosclerosis

Question 4

if you want to assess the L side of the heard with a catheter, what artery do you insert it in

Answer 4

brachial artery (goes to aorta)

Question 5

what type of angina is unrelated to causes of increased myocardial oxygen demand

Answer 5

prinzmetal/vasospastic

Question 6

what do st segment changes indicate

Answer 6

injury and ischmeia

Question 7

what does a coronary angiography do

Answer 7

visualizes coronary arteries with florescent dies

Question 8

patients with transient myocardial ischemia present clinically with:

Answer 8

stable angina pectoris
ischemic cardiomyopathy

Question 9

what type of angina is characterized by a fixed coronary obstruction blocking response to increased O2 demand

Answer 9

stable

Question 10

how does atherosclerosis cause cardiac ischemia

Answer 10

thrombus formation
coronary vasospasm
endothelial cell dysfunction

Question 11

what are acute coronary syndromes

Answer 11

acute changes in plaque morphology

Question 12

what are the 3 ECG changes indicating and MI

Answer 12

ST depression
ST elevation
T wave inversion

Question 13

what do people with ACS present with

Answer 13

unstable angina
myocardial infarction

Question 14

what were MIs and unstable angina typically distingused by

Answer 14

the prescence of absense of serum biomarker levels

Question 15

what arteries does atherosclerosis typically develop in

Answer 15

large and medium sized arteries

Question 16

what are some isoforms that are released when cardiomyocytes are damaged

Answer 16

CK-MB
troponin

Question 17

what is a STEMI

Answer 17

total occlusion of main coronary BV

Question 18

elevated levels of what is a highly specific indactor of MI

Answer 18

CK-MB

Question 19

what is cardiac ischemia

Answer 19

oxygen supply is insufficient to meet metabolic demands

Question 20

what are the 3 patterns of angina pectoris

Answer 20

stable/typical
vasospastic/prinzmetal
unstable/crescendo

Question 21

what are some signs an symptoms of MI

Answer 21

pain
nausea
diaphoresis
vomiting

Question 22

if the ECG shows an st elevation, it is a

Answer 22

STEMI

Question 23

what test can provide estimations of EF and ventricular sys and dia function

Answer 23

echocardiography

Question 24

what do you need to identify acute and chronic MI

Answer 24

contrast media with MRI

Question 25

what are chronic coronary syndromes typically due to

Answer 25

chronic obstruction from STABLE atherosclerotic plaques

Question 26

who would normally have chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy

Answer 26

elderly individuals

Question 27

what test can show an image of cardiac structure and motion within the chest

Answer 27

echocardiography

Question 28

what test uses electrodes

Answer 28

electrocardiography

Question 29

when does significant blood flood reduction occur with atherosclerosis

Answer 29

when plaque occupies over 75% of vessel lumen

Question 30

what can an MRI identify

Answer 30

myocardial thickening valve structures congenital malformations

Question 31

what is chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy

Answer 31

heart failure that develops due to progressive ischemic myocardial damage

Question 32

if the ECG shows no st elevation and is positive for biomarkers, it is a

Answer 32

NSTEMI

Question 33

what test is useful for imaging cardiac structures

Answer 33

MRI CT

Question 34

what does cardiac catheterizaton directly measure

Answer 34

pressure within cardiac chambers

Question 35

if you want to assess the R side of the heart with a catheter, what artery do you insert it in

Answer 35

femoral (goes to inferior vena cava)

Question 36

what test uses reflected sound waves

Answer 36

echocardiography

Question 37

what are some non-modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease

Answer 37

age gender family history ethnicity

Question 38

what is a NSTEMI

Answer 38

a partial occlusion of main coronary BV

Question 39

what is the treatment for STEMI

Answer 39

acutre reperfusion therapy and fibrinolytics

Question 40

what are some modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease

Answer 40

lipid non-lipid (hypertension, smoking) obesity poor diet sedentary lifestyle

Question 41

what is the treatment for an unstable angina

Answer 41

percutaneous coronary intervention

Question 42

what scan can evaluate cardiac perfusion

Answer 42

SPECT

Question 43

what are the two maintreatment goals for an MI's ischemia

Answer 43

increase myocardial O2 supply decrease myocardial workload

Question 44

what are the MI compensatory responses

Answer 44

increase SV and maintian CO

Question 45

what is the primary cause of sudden cardiac death

Answer 45

lethal dysrhythmia

Question 46

what is prinzmetal angina relieved by

Answer 46

calcium channel blockers - inhibit muscle contraction

Question 47

what is CHD characterized by

Answer 47

insufficient flow of oxygenated blood to the myocardium due to atherosclerotic coronary arteries

Question 48

if the ECG shows no st elevation and is negative for biomarkers, it is a

Answer 48

unstable angina

Question 49

what are the 3 primary indicators of an MI

Answer 49

signs and symptoms ECG changes serum biomarkers

Question 50

what do st elevation indicate

Answer 50

acute cellular injury - ischmeia and injury ongoin

Question 51

what is stable angina relived by

Answer 51

nitrates rest

Question 52

what test provides a graphic illustration of the electrical currents

Answer 52

electrocardiography

Question 53

what type of angin is unpredictable

Answer 53

prinzmetal/vasospastic

Question 54

what type of angina is predictable

Answer 54

stable

Question 55

what is the sequelae of CHD

Answer 55

angina pectoris myocardial infarction dysrhythmia heart failiure sudden cardiac death

Question 56

what are the two critical factors affecting cellular demand for O2

Answer 56

rate of coronary perfusion myocardial workload

Question 57

cold spots in nuclear cardiography indicate what

Answer 57

inadequate perfusion

Question 58

what is angina pectoris

Answer 58

intermittent chest pain

Question 59

what test assesses the adequacy of blood flow to cardiac tissues

Answer 59

nuclear cardiography

Question 60

what are the 5 steps of atherosclerosis

Answer 60

chronic endothelial injury endolthelial dysfunciton macrophage activation macropahge/SM cells engulf lipid SM proliferation

Question 61

most cases of sudden cardiac death are associated with

Answer 61

coronary atherosclerosis

Question 62

what is angina pectorsi precipitated by

Answer 62

increased O2 demand

Question 63

how does nuclear cardiography work

Answer 63

radioactive substances are injected into the bloodstream to trace the patterns of blood flow