CARDIO VASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards
(37 cards)
FUNCTION AND LOCATION OF HEART
- PUMPS DEOXYGENATED BLOOD TO THE LUNGS, OXYGENATED BLOOD TO THE BODY
- SUPERIOR TO DIAPHRAGM, POSTERIOR TO STERNUM: LIES IN SPACE CALLED MEDASTINUM THAT DIVIDES THORACIC CAVITY INTO 2 PLEURAL CAVITIES
- BROAD BASE IS SUPERIOR, APEX IS INFERIOR - LYING OBLIQUELY POINTING POSTERIORLY AND TO THE RIGHT
LAYERS OF HEART WALL
-FIBROUS PERICARDIUM: SUPERFICIAL LAYER OF PERICARDIUM ENCASING THE HEART, ATTACHES TO PARIETAL LAYER OF SEROUS PERICARDIUM AND DIAPHRAGM
- EPICARDIUM: THIN OUTER MEMBRANE OF THE HEART WALL, INNERMOST LAYER OF SEROUS PERICARDIUM
-MYOCARDIUM: HEART MUSCLE ITSELF, VARIES IN THICKENESS DEPENDING ON LOCATION, MADE OF CARDIAC MUSCLE FIBERS
-ENDOCARDIUM: THIN MEMBRANE THAT LINES INNER SURFACE OF HEART CAHMBERS, COVERS
DESCRIBE CHAMBERS OF THE HEART/BLOOD FLOW THROUGH HEART
ATRIUM: UPPER CHAMBERS
VENTRICLES: LOWER CHAMBERS
RIGHT ATRIUM RECEIVES DEOXY. BLOOD FROM IVC/SVC THROUGH
TRICUSPID (ATRIOVENTRICULAR) VALVE TO
RIGHT VENTRICLE THROUGH
PULMONARY VALVE/TRUNK TO
PULMONARY ARTERIES TO LUNGS
LEFT ATRIUM RECEIVES OXY. BLOOD FROM PULM. VEINS, THROUGH
MITRAL/BISCUSPID (ATRIOVENTRICULAR) VALVE INTO
LEFT VENTRICLE THROUGH
AORTIC VALVE AND INTO AORTA
VALVES OF THE HEART
PULMONARY VALVE: (SEMILUNAR: 3 CRESCENT CUSPS) FROM RIGHT VENTRICLE TO PULMONARY ARTERY
AORTIC VALVE: (SL) FROM LEFT VENTRICLE TO AORTA
ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES:
1) TRICUSPID VALVE FROM RIGHT ATRIUM TO LEFT ATRIUM
2) BICUSPID/MITRAL VALVE FROM LEFT ATRIUM TO LEFT VENTRICLE
STRUCTURE /FUNCTION OF ARTERIES (3)
TAKE BLOOD AWAY FROM HEART
1) ELASTIC (LARGE): NEAR HEART THICK, FULL OF ELASTIC LAMALLAE TO EASILY STRETCH W/INCREASE IN PRESSURE
EX - AORTA, COMMON ILLIAC, COMMON CAROTID
2) MUSCULAR (MEDIUM): VASOCONSTRICTION/DILATION DISTRIBUTING , REPEATEDLY BRANCH, LESS ELASTIC, WELL DEFINED WALLS AND SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS
EX - RENAL, SPLENIC, FEMORAL, POPLITEAL, RADIAL, ULNAR
3) ARTERIOLES: RESISTENCE VESSELS - THIN POROUS INTERNAL ELASTIC LAMINA THAT DIMINISHES AS IT TAPERS INTO CAPILLARIES (METARTIOLE)
STRUCTURE/FUNCTION OF CAPILLARIES
AKA EXCHANGE VESSELS - ONE SINGLE LAYER OF ENDOTHELIAL CELLS TO ALLOW RAPID EXCHANGE OF MOLUCULES; LACK TUNICA MEDIA AND TUNIA EXTERNA
STRUCTURE/FUNCTION OF VENULES
MICROSCOPIC - CONTINUOUS WITH CAPILLARIES: ECHANGE UNIT, THICKER/LARGER VENULES DO NOT EXCHANGE
STRUCTURE/FUNCTION OF VEINS
TAKE BLOOD BACK TO HEART
1) MED VEINS - BOOST VENUS RETRUN BY PREVENTING BACKFLOW DUE TO GRAVITY (VALVES); ALL 3 LAYERS OF TYP BLOOD VESSELS LACKING SMOOTH MUSCLE/ELASTIC FIBER SO UNABLE TO WITHSTAND HIGH PRESSURE
EX - RENAL, INTERNAL CAROTID, ULNAR, SPLENIC
2) LARGE VEINS- DRAIN FROM TRIBUTARIES INTO HEART; THICK WALLS SIMILAR TO MED VEINS, LACK VALVES
VASOMOTION
INTERMITTENT CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION OF PRECAPILLARY SPHINCTERS THAT PUSHES BLOOD FROM METARTRIOLE THROUGH A CAPILLARY
CONTROLLED BY CHEMICALS RELEASED IN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS
CAPILLARY EXCHANGE AND MECHANISMS (4)
- MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES BETWEEN BLOOD AND INTERSTITIAL FLUID
-DIFFUSION
-BULK FLOW (RESABSORBTION & FILTRATION)
-TRANSCYTOSIS (VESICULAR TRANSPORT)
-ACTIVE TRANSPORT
DIFFUSION
MOVEMENT OF LIPID SOLUBLE SUBSTANCES (O2, CO2, STERIOD HORMONES) AND WATER SOLUBLE SUBSTANCES (GLUCOSE, AMINO ACIDS) DOWN A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT VIA INTERCELLULAR CLEFTS (WATER SOLUBLE) OR DIRECTLY THROUGH ENDOTHELIAL CELLS IN CAPILLARY WALLS (LIPID SOLUBLE)
BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
DIFFUSION CANNOT HAPPEN BECAUSE ENDOTHELIAL CELLS IN THE BRAIN ARE SO TIGHTLY ADJOINED THAT THE MOVEMENT OF MOLECULES IN AND OUT OF CAPILLARIES IS BLOCKED
BULK FLOW
MOVEMENT OF LARGE NO. OF IONS, MOLEULES OR PARTICLES TOGETHER, FROM AN AREA OF HIGH PRESSURE TO AN AREA OF LOW PRESSURE - PASSIVE PROCESS AS LONG AS PRESSURE DIFFERENCE EXISTS
REABSORBTION - BULK FLOW OF SOLUTES FROM INTERSTITIAL FLUID INTO BLOOD
FILTRATION - BULK FLOW OF SOLUTES FROM BLOOD INTO INTERSTITIAL FLUID
TRANSCYTOSIS
LESS COMMON CAPILLARY EXCHANGE - AND IMPORTANT FOR THE MOVEMENT OF LARGE LIPID-INSOLUBLE MOLECULES THAT CANNOT PASS THRU CAPILLARY WALL ANOTHER WAY
-HORMONE INSULIN, MATERNAL ANTIBODIES
SUBSTANCE IN THE BLOOD ARE ENCLOSED AND ENTER ENDOTHELIAL CELLS BY ENDOCYTOSIS, MOVE ACROSS CELL, EXIT OTHER SIDE OF CELL BY EXOCYTOSIS
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES AGAINST A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT - LOWER CONCENTRATION TO HIGHER CONCENTRATION
INVOLVES SPECIALIZED TRANS-MEMBRANE PROTEINS THAT REQUIRE ATP TO ACTIVELY PUMP MOLECULES ACROSS A CELL MEMBRANE
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
PROVIDES FUNCTIONAL BLOOD SUPPLY TO BODY TISSUE
AORTA: LARGEST ARTERY IN THE BODY AND IS THE SOURCE OF ALL SYSTEMIC ARTERIES - RISES FROM LEFT VENTRICLE, ARCHES BACKWARDS OVER THE HEART AND DESCENDS THROUGH THORAX, ABDOMEN, EVENTUALL DIVIDES INTO COMMON ILIAC ARTERIES (LOWER TRUNK/LOWER LIMBS)
CORONARY CIRCULATION
MOVEMENT OF BLOOD THROUGH ARTERIES/VEINS THAT SUPPLY AND DRAIN HEART TISSUE
LEFT/RIGHT CORONARY ARTERIES RISE FROM WALLS OF ASCENDING AORTA JUST ABOVE CUSPS OF THE AORTIC VALVE
SUPPLIED WITH BLOOD THAT BACK FLOWS DURING LEFT VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE AND INTO THE VALVE CUSPS - FLOWS INTO CORONARY ARTERY OPENINGS
CORONARY ARTERIES SIT IN ATRIOVENTRICULAR AND INTERVENTRICULAR GROOVES ON THE SURFACE OF THE HEART AND ARE OFTEN IMBEDDED IN PERICARDIAL FAT
COMMUNICATE W/EACH OTHER BY ANASTOMOSING AROUND THE HEART AND CREATING CONTINUOUS LOOPS - PROVIDING ALT ROUTES IF ONE DEVELOPS BLOCKAGE
FETAL CIRCULATION
LUNGS DO NOT FUNCTION, KIDNEYS/GI TRACT HAVE LIMITED FUNCTION - DO NOT REQUIRE A SUPPLY OF OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS UNTIL BIRTH
MOTHER TO FETUS: UMBILICAL VEIN - NUTRIENTS, (GLUCOSE, AMINO/FATTY ACIDS, VITAMINS AND MINERALS), OXYGEN, AND MATERNAL ANTIBODIES
FETUS TO MOTHER: UMBILICAL ARTERIES (2) - WASTE PRODUCTS (AMMONIA, UREA, URIC ACID AND CREATINE) AND C02
DUCUTUS VENOUSUS - CONNECTS UMBILICAL VEIN TO FETAL IVC O2+/O2- MIX AND ENTRE ATRIUM OF FETUS
SEPTUM SECUNDUM - HOLE INTERATRIAL SEPTUM THAT ALLOWS BLOOD TO ENTER LEFT ATRIUM FROM RIGHT ATRIUM THAT BYPASSES LUNGS
LIGAMENTUM ARTERIOSUM - CORD-LIKE REMNANT
PULMONARY CIRCULATION
FROM HEART TO LUNGS: PULMONARY TRUNK RISES FROM RIGHT VENTRICLE AND DIVIDES INTO L / R ARTERY BRANCHES TO L / R LUNGS RESPECTIVELY
FROM LUNGS TO HEART : BLOOD ENTERS (4) PULM VEINS TO ENTER LEFT ATRIUM
PORTAL CIRCULATION
HEPATIC PORTAL SYSTEM FILTERS DEOXYGENATED BUT NUTRIENT RICH BLOOD RECIEVED FROM THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF TOXINS/BACTERIA BEFORE ITS RETURNED TO HEART
GASTRIC, SPLENIC, MESENTERIC AND GASTROEPIPLOIC VEINS DRAIN INTO THE PORTAL VEIN WHICH ASCENDS THE LIVER - IN LIVER, DIVIDES INTO L AND R PORTAL VEINS THAT CONTINUALLY BRANCH TO FORM SINUSIODS W/IN 4 LOBES OF THE LIVER
HEPATIC SINUSOIDS (CONTAIN MIXED VENOUS AND ARTERIAL BLOOD) - UNITE TO FORM HEPATIC VEINS, WHICH EXIT LIVER POSTERIORLY TO ENTIRE INFERIOR VENA CAVA
UNIQUE NEEDS FOR FETAL CIRCULATION
ALLOWS EXHANGE OF MATERIALS WITH MOTHER AS LUNGS DO NOT FUNCTION AND KIDNEYS/GI TRACT HAVE LIMITED FUNCTION
UMBILICAL VEIN - MOTHER TO FETUS (NUTRIENTS, O2, HORMONES, MATERNAL ANTIBODIES
UMBILICAL ARTERIES - FETUS TO MOTHER (WASTE PRODUCTS) AND CO2
CIRCLE OF WILLIS
BRANCHES OF INTERNAL CAROTID AND VERTEBRAL ARTERIES FORM CIRCLE AROUND OPTIC CHASM/PITUITARY GLAND AT THE BASE OF THE BRAIN TO ENSURE CONSTANT PROFUSION OF THE CEREBRUM IN THE EVENT OF A BLOCKAGE IN ONE OF THE ARTERIES
PARTS OF THE AORTA
ASCENDING AORTA - FROM LEFT VENTRICLE ASCENDS 5 CM NEXT TO PULM TRUNK, BRANCHES INTO: CORONARY ARTERIES AND ARCH OF AORTA
ARCH OF AORTA - ARCHES POSTERIORLY OVER LEFT PRINCIPLE BRONCHUS, BRANCHES INTO: BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK, L COMMON CAROTID, L SUBCLAVIAN, DESCENDING THORACIC AORTA
THORACIC AORTA - BEGINS AT T4 DESCENDS TO THE LEFT AND ANTERIOR TO VERTEBRAL COLUMN , PASSES THROUGH AORTIC APERTURE AT T12, BECOMES ABDOMINAL THORACIC. BRANCHES: BRONCIAL, ESPOPHOGEAL, INTERCOSTAL, SUBCOSTAL ETC
ABDOMINAL AORTA - DESCENDS OVER LUMBAR VERTEBRAE AND TERMINATES AT L4 BY DIVIDING INTO COMMON ILIAC ARTERIES
CARDIAC CYCLE
1) ATRIAL SYSTOLE / P WAVE / ATRIAL DEPOLARIZATION
2) VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE / QRS COMPLEX / ISOVOLUM. CONTRACTION
3A) VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE (EARLY) / T WAVE / ISOVOLUM. RELAXATION
3B) VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE (LATE) / VENTRICULAR FILLING
