Cardiology

Question 1

Causes of AF

Answer 1

“PIRATES”

Pulmonary Embolism (PE) Pulmonary Disease/ Post-Op.
Ischaemic Heart Disease / Idiopathic
Rheumatic disease (Mitral stenosis
Anaemia / Alcohol / Age
Thyrotoxicosis
Elevated Blood Pressure (hypertension) / Electrolyte disturbances.
Sepsis (most common) / Sleep Apnoea / Surgery

Question 2

Causes of Hypertension

Answer 2

‘ROPE’

Renal disease (e.g Renal artery stenosis)
Obesity
Pregnancy
Endocrine (most endocrine disorders but particularly consider Conn’s/Hyperaldosteronism as represents 2.5% of new hypertension - Renin:Aldosterone ratio)