Cardiovascular System Flashcards
(39 cards)
1
Q
What does the cardiovascular system do?
A
Circulating Gas, Nutrients and Wastes
2
Q
Blood function
Transportation
A
- O2, CO2 and other gases movement (dissolved/bound to cells)
- Nutrients
- Electrolytes - for sympathetic and para sympathetic
- Metabolic waste- urea
- Hormones, Cytokines
3
Q
Blood funtion
Protection
A
- Immune response (Antibodies, complement proteins, WBC)
- Blood loss-Clotting (platelets)
4
Q
Blood function
Regulation
A
- Body temp
- pH
- Circulatory body fluid
- Volume/concentration (osmosis)
5
Q
Blood characteristics
A
- A liquid connective Tissue (only fluid tissue in the Human Body)
- A sticky viscous opaque fluid
Scarlet Red: High Oxygen (in Artery)
Dark Red: Low Oxygen (in vein)
6
Q
Components of blood
A
- 55% Plasma
- 1% Buffy coat
- 44% solid - RBC Erythrocytes
7
Q
Blood plasma
A
- 10% soluable components rest water
- Plasma proteins- Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen
- Nutrients- Glucose, Amino acids, Cholesterol
- Gases- O2, CO2, traces (little bit <1%)
- Electrolytes- Sodium, Potassium, Chlorides & others
- Metabolic wastes- Urea
Straw coloured sticky fluid
8
Q
Haematopoietic stem cells
A
- Commited cells that are gametes for stem cells so they reproduces stem cells in bone marrow
9
Q
Haematopoiesis (Stem cells)
A
- Formation of RBC, WBC and Platelets
- Hormonal/Growth factors determine the type of cells
- Produced cells enter through blood sinusoids
10
Q
Thrombopoiesis
A
- Production of platelets
- Megakaryoblast => Megakaryocyte => Platelets
11
Q
Erythropoiesis
A
- Production of red blood cell
- Proerethyoplast => Reticulocytes => Erythrocyte
12
Q
Leucopoiesis
A
- Production of white blood cells/leucocytes
13
Q
Buffy coats
Granulocytes
A
Obvious granules (light microscope)
14
Q
Buffy coats
Agranulocytes
A
No obvious granules (light microscope)
15
Q
Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Polymorphonuclear cells
A
- Major Abundant
- Larger cells
- 3-4 segments lobes of nucleus connected by chromatin strand
- Smaller granules
- Bacterial Infection - contains hydrocholic acid relase kills bacteria
16
Q
Granulocytes
Eosinophils
Polymorphonuclear cells
A
- Acidophilic cells
- Larger granules
- 2 lobes of nucleus connected by thick chromatin strand
- With thick strand of chromatin
- Parasitic Infection
17
Q
Granulocytes
Basophils
Polymorphonuclear cells
A
- Huge granules
- Horseshoe shaper nucleus
- 2 big lobes joined together
- Migrate into the tissue (Mast cells)
- Histamine- Proinflammatory
18
Q
Agranulocytes
Monocytes
A
- Horse shoe lobed nucleus
- Migrate into tissue, Macrophages
- Phagocytosis- Bacteria
- Dendritic cells
19
Q
Agranulocytes
Thrombocytes
A
- Fragments of Platelets
- Contains no nucleus - cannot reproduce
- Contains mitochondria
- Blood Clotting
20
Q
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
big
A
- Big (equal to RBC)
- Natural Killer Cells
- Recognise virus infected cells & kill
- Not specifically targeted general killing of cell
21
Q
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes: Plasma B
Small (nucleus fills most)
A
- Produce antibodies
- Viral Infection
- Hormonal immune response
22
Q
T-Helper cells
A
- Regulatory cells give singnal to plasma B cells
23
Q
T-suppressor
A
- Regulation stops the plasma cell prodution of excess antibody
24
Q
T-Cytotoxic cells
A
- Cancer cells checking if it is malignant and removes it from the body
25
Leucopenia
- Deficiency of white blood cells
- Risk of infection
- Sepsis which could be leathal
26
Neutropenia
- Risk of bacterial infection due to low neurophils
27
Thrombocytopenia
- The risk of blood loss
- An autoimmune condition in children
28
Leucoytosis
- Sign of bacteria infection
29
Neutrophilia
Sign of bacterial infection
30
Eosinophilia
Sign of parasitic Infection by releasing histamines in response to allergic reactions
31
Lymphocytosis
Sign of viral Infection
32
Monocytosis
Sign of bacterial Infection in tissues by developing into macrophages when in tissue and present antigens to lymphocytes
33
Red blood cells
- No organelles anareobic ATP synthesis dont use O2
- Biconcave - no nucleus so more surface area
- 97% of RBC is heamoglobin
- Spectrin (protien) - plasma membrane which is flexible to reach capillaries
34
# Heamoglobin
Heam
- Red pigment bound to Protein
- contains central Iron Each Fe2+ ion binds to one O2
35
Loading in the lungs
O2 + Hb= Bright Red (Oxygenated Blood):
Oxyhaemoglobin
- 98-100% saturated O2
36
Unloading at cells
O2 + Hb= Dark/Ruby Red (Deoxygenated Blood): Deoxyhaemoglobin
- 70-80% saturated O2
37
Albumin
Exerts osmotic pressure to maintain water balence
38
Alpha and beta globulins
- Transports protiens that bind to lipids, ions and fat soluable vitamins
39
Gamma globulins
- Antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response
