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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

what does the cardiovascular system consist of?

A

heart
arteries
capillaries
veins

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2
Q

what is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A

uptake of nutrients
excretion of waste
homeostasis: fluid/cells leave blood through capillaries + re-enter capillaries via lymphatics
heart acts as a pump

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3
Q

where is the heart located?

A

Lies between lungs in mediastinum (2nd-6th rib)

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4
Q

what is the surface of the heart made of?

A

fibrous pericardium - tough CT

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5
Q

what is the function of the fibrous pericardium?

A

protection, anchors heart to diaphragm & large vessels, prevents overfilling

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6
Q

what is the deep layer of the heart made of?

A

serous pericardium. 2 layers- parietal, visceral (epicardium) at surface of heart

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7
Q

what is the pericardial cavity?

A

Serum-filled space in between

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8
Q

what are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

A

pericardium, myocardium, endocardium

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9
Q

what is the pericardium/ epicardium?

A

outer layer of fibrous tissue

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10
Q

what is the myocardium?

A

middle layer of thick muscle, CT, thickest around vessels and prevents over dilation

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11
Q

what is the endocardium?

A

inner layer of squamous epithelial cells

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12
Q

what are the 4 chambers in the heart?

A

2 small atria & 2 large ventricles

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13
Q

what is the atria?

A

Thin-walled

Posterior wall smooth, anterior ridged with pectinate muscles

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14
Q

what 3 veins allow blood to enter the right atrium?

A

Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava
Coronary Sinus

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15
Q

where does the superior vena cava bring blood from?

A

upper body

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16
Q

where does the inferior vena cava bring blood from?

A

lower body

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17
Q

where does the coronary sinus bring blood from?

A

heart myocardium

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18
Q

how does blood enter the left atrium?

A

4 pulmonary veins, - from the lungs back to heart

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19
Q

what is the ventricle?

A

thick-walled

Walls - muscle ridges: trabeculae carnae

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20
Q

where does blood go to from the right ventricle?

A

pulmonary trunk to lungs

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21
Q

where does blood go to from the left ventricle?

A

aorta to body

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22
Q

what are the 2 blood circuits?

A

pulmonary circuit

systemic circuit

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23
Q

where is the pulmonary circuit and where does blood travel?

A

Right, to/from lungs

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24
Q

where is the systemic circuit and where does blood travel?

A

Left, to/from all body tissues

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25
which circuit is more resistant?
5x more resistance | 3x thicker walls of LV v RV
26
how many heart valves are there?
2 Atrioventricular (AV) 2 Semilunar (SL)
27
what are the 2 AV valves?
Right: tricuspid Left: bicuspid/mitral
28
what are the 2 SL valves?
One aortic & one pulmonary
29
where are no valves found?
between Vena Cava & pulmonary vein and their atria
30
what is backflow during atrial contraction controlled by?
by compression & collapse of atrial myocardium
31
what does the coronery circulation involve?
Right/left coronary arteries; base of aorta around heart, capillary beds, cardiac veins, coronary sinus and right atrium
32
what are the 3 layers in blood vessels?
tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia
33
what is the tunica intima?
Inner layer: endothelium continuous with endocardium
34
what is the tunica media?
Mid layer: circularly arranged smooth muscle & sheets of elastin
35
what are the vasomotor nerves involved in?
vasodilation/vasoconstriction. Maintains BP
36
what is the tunica adventitia?
Outer layer: loosely woven collagen fibers for protection/anchoring
37
what do larger vessels contain?
vasa vasorum
38
what is vasa vasorum?
vessels of vessels
39
what are the elastic arteries?
Largest, thick-walled, near heart (aorta & major branches)
40
what do elastic arteries contain?
Elastin in all 3 T's, esp. T. Media
41
when are elastic arteries inactive?
in vasoconstriction
42
what are the muscular arteries?
Muscular or distributing arteries
43
what does muscular arteries contain?
More smooth muscle, less elastin
44
when is the muscular artery active?
vasodilation
45
what are the arterioles?
Smallest, thin T. Media. Single layer of smooth muscle around endothelium
46
what do arterioles control?
Control blood flow to capillaries
47
what are the capillaries?
V. thin - T. Intima only. 1 endothelial cell layer, exchange
48
where aren't the capillaries found?
ligaments, tendons, cartilage, epithelia, cornea, lens
49
what are the continuous capillaries?
Most common, esp. skin & muscle | Incomplete tight junctions (not brain) intercellular clefts, fluid & solute exchange
50
what are fenestrated capillaries?
Similar but membranous pores in some endothelial cells  higher fluid & solute permeability. Active abs.
51
where are fenestrated capillaries found?
Gut, kidney
52
what are sinusoidal capillaries?
fenestrated with large irregular lumen, fewer tight j’s, larger IC’s, large mol. exchange.
53
what is the flow in the sinusoidal capillaries like?
slow, immune surveillance
54
where are the sinusoidal capillaries found?
liver, bone marrow, lymphoid tissues, endocrine organs
55
what are capillary beds?
c
56
what vascular shunt?
Connects arteriole & venule at ends of bed
57
what true capillaries?
Pre-capillary sphincter at metarteriole. Regulates flow via vasomotor nerves
58
what are venules?
Post-capillary smallest - few fibroblasts. V porous (fluid/wbc exch.)
59
what are larger venules?
some T. Media & T. Adventitia.
60
how much blood is held in veins?
65%
61
what are veins?
Thinner than arteries & larger lumens T. media: v little smooth muscle or elastin T. Adv. rel. thick, with longitudinal smooth muscle
62
what is found in veins?
BP low thinner walls. Valves to prevent backflow.
63
what are venous valves?
Formed from folds in T. Intima

IMS (52 decks)

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