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Physiology Lecture > Cardiovascular System Chaper 14 & 16 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Chaper 14 & 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

A

Delivers material throughout the body

Capability of protecting the body from blood loss and invaders

Involved in homeostatic function

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2
Q

What are three major components that accomplish this job

A

Medium: blood

Pump: Heart

Plumbing: The blood vessels/ vasculature

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3
Q

What are the two separate circuits joined in series of the cardiovascular system?

A

Systemic circulation

Pulmonary circulation

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4
Q

What does the systemic circulation do?

A

Delivers O2, glucose, hormones, and other matter to the tissues

Removes CO2, wastes, sometimes excess heat form the tissues

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5
Q

What is the function of the Pulmonary circulation?

A

Delivers O2-deficient, CO2-rich blood to the lungs

Allows gas exchange between the respiratory system and blood

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6
Q

What are the components of the blood after centrifugation?

A

Top to bottom

Blood plasma

Buffy coat

Formed elements (RBC’s) Hematocrit

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7
Q

What are the cells of the Buffy coat?

A

Clotting factors (platelets) and leukocytes (WBC’s)

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8
Q

The formed elements are what?

A

Hematocrit and the buffy coat

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9
Q

What is the plasma

A

Watery cell free component

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10
Q

On average how much blood is in the body?

A

~5 liters

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11
Q

The plasma proteins are a small percentage of the plasma what are the three major plasma proteins?

A

Albumin

Globulin

Fibrinogen

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12
Q

What is the function of Albumin and where is it made?

A

Synthesized in the liver, and its the most abundant. Contributes the osmotic pressure

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13
Q

What are the two functions of Globulin?

A

Liver transport globulins (alpha and beta globulins) that carry small molecules, ions

Immunoglobulins (gamma-globulins) involved in acquired immune response

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14
Q

What is the function of Fibrinogen?

A

Least abundant

Clotting function

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15
Q

What are the formed elements?

A

Erythrocytes RBC’s, leukocytes, and platelets

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16
Q

What of the formed elements are not true cells and why?

A

RBC’s

No nucleus and no organelles

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17
Q

What is the function of RBC’s and describe them?

A

Each RBC contains 250 million hemoglobin molecules, which can reversible bind O2, CO2 and protons.

They are small biconcave discs, ~ 7 microns in diameter

They last ~ 120 days

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18
Q

What are the Leukocytes?

A

They are the WBC’s and are true cells because they have a nucleus and organelles

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19
Q

What are the two primary classifications of the leukocytes?

A

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

They make up 1% of the WBC’s

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20
Q

What are the granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

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21
Q

What are the Agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes, Monocytes

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22
Q

What is the function of the Leukocytes?

How is this done?

A

Fight pathogens (foreign invaders) throughout the body, not just within the blood

Use phagocytosis or may release chemicals to mark, disable or destroy the targets.

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23
Q

What are the chemicals or released factors that destroy, or disable their targets?

A

Lysozyme, oxidants, antibodies

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24
Q

How doe WBC’s get to the foreign invaders?

Once they do their job what do they do?

A

Many of them leave the blood and invade the interstitial tissue.

Injured tissue release factors to attract WBC’s

Once they leave the blood, they typically do not return

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25
Q

What are the most abundant Granulocyte/Leukocyte?

What is their function?

A

Neutrophils

Phagocytic, also releases chemicals to kill bacteria

Called polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

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26
Q

What is the function and description of Eosinophils?

A

Phagocytic, can kill worms

They release histamine

Stain Red with Eosin

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27
Q

What are the characteristics and functions of Basophils?

A

Least abundant WBC. Similar to mast cells in connective tissue.

Release serotonin and histamine, which attracts other WBC’s to the site of infection/injury

Stain blue, purplish with basic dyes like methylene blue

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28
Q

What are the functions of Lymphocytes?

A

Involved in the adaptive immune system response

Lymphocytes can last for many, many months. They typically don’t leave the blood.

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29
Q

What are the major cells of the lymphocytes and their function?

A

B-cells: release antibodies

T-cells: attack invaders, mediate the immune response

Natural Killer cells: destroy many different invaders and tumor cells. They release perforin protein that creates hole in invaders

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30
Q

What is the function and characteristics of Monocytes?

A

Large leukocytes that are capable of phagocytosis

Once they cross the tissues, they differentiate into wandering macrophages that clean up debris and bacteria in the infection site.

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31
Q

What are platelets?

What are their characteristics?

A

Split off from the large cells called Megakaryocytes

They lack a nucleus and cytoplasm

They are simply cell fragments

32
Q

What is the function of the platelets?

A

Are involved in clotting

33
Q

When does clotting happen?

A

Damage to blood vessel walls
Sticks to collagen in the damaged area
Swell, then form a plug in the vessel wall

34
Q

What helps the newly formed clot?

A

Plasma protein fibrin infiltrates and strengthens the newly formed clot

35
Q

Once the clot forms, what takes place?

A

The platelets shrink and draw the vessel walls together, which aids in wall repair.

36
Q

What are the two pathways that form clots from fibrin and formed elements?

A

Intrinsic

Extrinsic : the injury pathway

37
Q

What are the critical end reactions that take place to form a clot?

A

Formation of the prothrombinase enzyme complex (Factor X and V)

Conversion of Prothrombin into Thrombin by that enzyme
Catalysis of plasma fibrinogen in to fibrin by thrombin

Crosslinkage of fibrin into a cross-linked network in a clot

38
Q

What type of feedback are these two pathways of forming a clot?

A

Both are positive feedback

39
Q

What type of pump is the heart?

A

The heart is a dual pump

40
Q

The atria does what?

The ventricles do what?

A

The atria receive blood from veins

The ventricles pump blood into arteries

41
Q

What is the function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

A

It’s non muscular and it exists between the atria and ventricles

Electrically separates the two chambers

Serves as an anchor point for the two during contraction

Location of the heart valves

42
Q

What are the types of heart valves and their function?

A

They prevent backwards blood flow

Atrioventricular valves

Semilunar valves

43
Q

Where are the AV valves located?

A

Found between atria and ventricles

44
Q

Where are the semilunar valves located?

A

Located between the ventricles and arteries

45
Q

What is the major thing about the veins and the atria?

A

NO valves exist between veins and atria

46
Q

What causes the valves to open and close in the heart?

A

Valve open and close in response to pressure differences across the valve

47
Q

What are the two circuits that blood flows in?

A

Systemic and pulmonary circulation

48
Q

what takes place with in the systemic circulation?

A

Deoxygenated systemic blood arrives via the vena cava and enter the right atrium and ventricles

49
Q

What is the purpose of contraction of the right atrium?

A

To top off the right ventricle

50
Q

What takes place when the right ventricle contracts?

A

The right ventricle contracts, driving blood into the pulmonary trunk (artery)

51
Q

Once the blood reaches the lungs what takes place?

A

The blood gains O2 and releases CO2 in the pulmonary capillaries

52
Q

During pulmonary circulation what is the first thing that takes place?

A

Blood returning via the pulmonary veins enters the left atrium and ventricles

53
Q

What is the purpose of the left atria contraction?

A

To top off the left ventricle

54
Q

When the left ventricle contracts, what is taking place?

A

Drives blood into the systemic arteries

55
Q

What do each part of the heart contract? What is the timing that this takes place?

A

Efficient output of the heart requires coordination between the atria and ventricles

Both atria must contract simultaneously, then the ventricles contract about 200 milliseconds later

56
Q

Where does contractile Activity come from and how is it initiated and coordinated?

A

Contractile activity arises from cardiac myocytes

Their activity is initiated and coordinated by autorhythmic cells

57
Q

What are the significant characteristics of cardiac Myocytes?

A

Striated appearance

Significant branching- adjacent cells are connected by gap junctions and desmosomes, which form intercalated disks

Contraction is involuntary controlled

58
Q

There are two major types of Autorhythmic/Pacemaker cells what are they?

A

Pacemaker cells

Conductive cells

59
Q

What is the function of the pacemaker cells?

A

Generate action potentials that spread across the Cardiac muscle

60
Q

What is the primary pacemaker of the heart and where is it located?

What is their function?

A

located in the Sinoartial node of the right atria

The pacemaker cells depolarize spontaneously to threshold

61
Q

This electrical Activity is called what?

A

The pacemaker potential

62
Q

What are the major ions of the cardiac AP

A

Na+, Ca2+, K+

63
Q

What are the phases of the AP of cardiac pacemakers

A

Phase 4- slow depolarization

Phase 0- fast depolarization

Phase 3- repolarization

64
Q

What takes place during phase 4 of the cardiac pacemaker AP

A

Initial slow influx of Na+ and just before reaching threshold late Ca2+ influx to depolarize past threshold.

65
Q

What takes place during Phase 0, what is this referred to as?

A

Fast depolarization

Lots of Ca2+ channels open and the Na+ channels close

66
Q

What takes place during phase 3 repolarization?

A

Ca2+ channels close and K+ channels open causing repolarization

67
Q

What is the membrane potential voltages?

A
  • 60 mV to threshold of -40 is the Pacemaker potential

- 40 to 20mV then back to -60 mV is the AP

68
Q

How does the Pacemaking AP spread throughout the Myocardium

A

Moves from the site of origin (SA node) via gap junctions into atrial myocytes and spreads to the left atrium via conductive cells in the interatrial pathways

This is what causes the atrial muscle to contract simultaneously

69
Q

What takes place when the AP moves from the SA node to the AV node?

A

The AP moves via conductive pathways to the AV node

There is a delay between the AV node into the ventricles. This allows for the ventricles to almost completely fill then the atria contact topping off the ventricles.

70
Q

What is the path of the Cardiac AP?

A

SA node to the AV node pause then through the bundle of His then through the Purkinje fibers

71
Q

What takes place with the AP propagates through the conductive cells in the bundle of His?

A

The bundle spits into the right and left bundle branches which supply the two ventricles

At the apex then it moves into the Purkinje fibers which then spreads the AP into the myocytes causing contraction from the apex upward

72
Q

Describe the phases of the Cardiac AP when the myocytes fire off?

A

Phase 0- Na+ influx during the upswing via V-gated Na+ channels, which is called rapid depolarization

Phase 1- the v-gated channels inactivate, then transient K+ flux via a v-gated channel and this causes brief repolarization

73
Q

What takes place during phase 2 and what is it referred to?

A

Called the Plateau of the cardiac AP
Lasts about 200 mSec
Slow influx of Ca2+ via L-type channels and slow efflux of K+ via the delayed rectifier K+ channel

74
Q

What are the events of phase 3?

A

Repolarization

the L-type channels close and a slowly activating K+ channel allow K+ to efflux

75
Q

What takes place in phase 4 of the cardiac AP

A

Returns to RMP

K+ continues effluxing and the Ca2+ channels completely close

76
Q

What is the process for EC coupling of cardiac muscle conctraction?

A

Depolarization activates V-gated L type Ca2+ channels in the PM this allows Ca+ to enter down its electrochemical gradient and this influx will cause the RYR receptor to release Ca2+ in abundance from the SR

This is where the plateau phase takes place and allows tension development for ~ 200mSec

77
Q

What takes place during the falling phase of the AP?

A

The Ca2+ channels inactivate and Ca2+ is removed from the cytoplasm by the CaATPase back into the SR.

Also the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) removes Ca2+ from cardiac muscle as well this causes relaxation

Physiology Lecture (11 decks)

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