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HISTO LAB > Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

Specialized connective tissue (111 cards)

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1
Q

Cartilage and bone are special types of ___

A

dense regular connective tissue

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2
Q

Cartilage and bone are considered as ___

A

organs

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3
Q

Cells inside cavities are called ___

A

lacunae

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4
Q

What are the cells inside the cavities

A

chondrocytes and osteocytes

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5
Q

The intercellular substance (matrix) is firmer in ___

A

cartilage

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6
Q

The intercellular substance (matrix) is harder in ___

A

bone

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7
Q

Makes up the bulk of fetal skeleton

A

cartilage

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8
Q

Eventually replaced by bone

A

cartilage

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9
Q

Limited in adults

A

cartilage

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10
Q

Cartilage does not contain…

A

blood vessels, lymph vessels, or nerves

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11
Q

Dense regular connective tissue that envelops most cartilage

A

perichondrium

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12
Q

Perichondrium has ___

A

chondrogenic potency

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13
Q

Layers of Perichondrium

A

a. fibrous layer (outer)
b. chondrogenic layer (inner, more cellular)

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14
Q

Cells in cartilage

A
  1. chondrocyte
  2. osteoprogenitor cells
  3. chondroblasts
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15
Q

Cell in cartilage that vary in size, has cytoplasmic processes, resides in the lacunae, and young cells are capable of mitosis

A

chondrocyte

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16
Q

Stem cells are found in the chondrogenic layer

A

osteoprogenitor cells

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17
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells can transform into either…

A

chondroblasts or osteoblasts

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18
Q

Synthesize precursors of fibers and organic constituents of cartilage matrix

A

chondroblasts

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19
Q

Can transform into chondrocytes

A

chondroblasts

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20
Q

Cartilage matrix is composed of…

A
  1. ground substance
  2. extracelluar fibers
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21
Q

Composition of ground substance

A
  • 70-80% water and proteoglycans
  • chondronectin
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22
Q

A fibronectin-like substance, adherence of collagen of the surface of chondrocyte

A

chondronectin

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23
Q

Composition of extracellular fibers

A

a. collagen
b. elastic

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24
Q

Chondrogensis order:

A

mesenchymal cells > osteoprogenitor cells > chondroblasts > chondrocytes

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25
Secrete the precursors of extracellular fibers (and other org constit.) in CM into intracellular area
chondroblasts
26
Young ___ possess mitotic and secretory capabilities, while mature ones are incapable of mitosis
chondrocytes
27
Growth of Cartilage
- interstitial (endogenous) growth - appositional (exogenous) growth
28
Differentiate interstitial to appositional
interstitial - expands the cartilage from within - mitosis and secretions of young chondrocytes - length and long bones appositional - function of perichondrium
29
Degeneration and regeneration of cartilage
- calcification of the matrix - age
30
With age, the cartilage...
loses translucency and becomes opaque
31
Calcification of matrix...
- nutrition of cartilage is compromised - one of the initial events in formation of some bones
32
Types of Cartilage
1. hyaline 2. elastic 3. fibrous
33
Glistening, smooth, pearly white in fresh specimen
hyaline cartilage
34
What type of collagen does hyaline have?
type II collagen fibers
35
Most abundant cartilage type
hyaline cartilage
36
Hyaline is in which skeleton?
fetal skeleton
37
Hyaline is found in:
1. epiphysial plate 2. articular cartilage 3. ears 4. sternal end of the ribs 5. trachea, bronchi, larynx, and nose
38
Yellowish and more flexible than hyaline
elastic cartilage
39
What type of collagen and fibers does elastic have?
type II collagen and elastic fibers
40
Less abundant matrix
elastic cartilage
41
Elastic cartilage is found in:
1. auricle, external acoustic meatus, and auditory tube of ears 2. epiglottis 3. larynx
42
Withstand greater stress
fibrous cartilage
43
What are fibrous cartilage fibers made up of?
thicker type I collagen
44
Fibrous cartilage is transitional between...
cartilage to dense regular connective tissue
45
Fibrous cartilage is found in:
1. intervertebral discs 2. pubic symphysis 3. articular discs and menisci of joints 4. surface of tendons and ligaments
46
Bulk of the skeleton
bone
47
Protect vital organs
bone
48
Levers of muscle
bone
49
Bone is a storage for ___ and ___
calcium and phosphorus
50
Bone contains ___ for hematopoiesis
bone marrow
51
Types of Bones according to shape
1. long 2. short 3. flat 4. irregular 5. sesamoid
52
Forms of bone tissue
a. spongy bone (cancellous) b. compact bone (cortical/dense)
53
Has numerous spaces visible to the naked eye
spongy bone
54
Appear as solid mass
compact bone
55
Coverings of Bone
a. periosteum b. endosteum
56
Lines the outer surface of the bone
periosteum
57
Periosteum and Endosteum has ___
osteogenic potency
58
Two layers of Periosteum
1. outer fibrous layer 2. inner osteogenic layer
59
Lines the internal surfaces and cavities of the bone
endosteum
60
Cells of the Bone
1. osteoprogenitor cells 2. osteoblast 3. osteocyte 4. osteoclast
61
Stem cells that produce osteoblasts
osteoprogenitor cells
62
Osteoprogenitor cells are differentiated from ___ and ____
chondroblast and osteoblast
63
Produces bone matrix and bone growth factors
osteoblast
64
Osteoblasts become ___ when bound inside ___
osteocytes, lacuna
65
Osteoblasts secretes enzyme to remove ___
uncalcified bone tissue
66
Secretes osteoclast stimulating factor
osteoblast
67
Found in the lacuna and unable to divide
osteocytes
68
The osteocytes numerous cytoplasmuc processes that occupy the ___
canaliculi of the lacunae
69
Found in the bone surface and responsible for the resorption of bone
osteoclast
70
Where is the osteoclast found?
Howship's lacunae, areas of resorbed bone
71
Ground substance in Bone Tissue composition
water + inorganic minerals + organic substances
72
Inorganic substances in GSBT:
main - calcium and phosphorus (calcium hydroxide) others - bicarbonate, citrate, magnesium, potassium, sodium
73
Organic substances in GSBT:
- proteoglycans - GAGs - non-collagenic proteins - glycoproteins - type I collagen fibers
74
Organization of Bone Tissue
architecture of bone tissue: spongy and compact
75
Spongy and Compact architecture
both bone matrix have lamellae (arrangement of thin layers)
76
Architecture of Spongy Bone
- spicules or trabeculae (interconnecting bone fragments) - bone marrow cavities - each spicule is several parallel bone lamellae
77
Architecture of Compact Bone
- arrangement of three: Haversian systems, Insterstitial lamellae, or Circumferential lamellae
78
Bulk of compact bones
Haversian system or osteon
79
Bone lamellae in Haversian is arranged ___
concentrically around the Haversian canal
80
Types of Haversian system
1. Haversian canals 2. Volkmann's canals
81
Lined by endosteum and contains blood vessels and nerves
Haversian canals
82
Lined by the endosteum and connect Haversian canals
Volkmann's canals
83
Lamellae that are not arranged around the Haversian canal
Interstitial lamellae
84
Circumferential lamellae parts
- outer (encircle whole bone) - inner (encircle medullary cavity)
85
Uncalcified bone matrix
osteoid
86
In ___, bone is produced to replace ____ or ____
Osteogenesis, mesenchyme or hyaline cartilage
87
Osteogenesis involves the two ossifications
1. intramembranous ossifications 2. endochrondal (intracartilaginous) ossifications
88
Intramembranous ossifications is ___
- bone formation in mesenchyme - produces most flat bones in skull
89
Endochrondal (intracartilaginous) ossifications is ___
- bone formation in hyaline cartilage - forms limbs, pelvis, and vertebral column
90
Bone can grown only by ___
appositional method
91
Bone can grow in length because of ___
epiphyseal plate
92
Thin, transverse discs of hyaline cartilage
epiphyseal plate
93
Zones of the epiphyseal plate:
- zone of resting cartilage - zone of proliferation - zone of maturation - zone of calcification - zone of ossification
94
Function of periosteum, proportional to length growth
growth in width
95
Thickness of bone does not increase because of ___
continuous enlargement of medullary cavity
96
Conversion: Spongy to Compact
- lamellar bone is laid in form of spongy bone - bone matrix are deposited on the inner surface of tunnels by osteoblasts in the endosteum - only a small canal occupied by blood vessels remain
97
Bone remodelling
- external remodelling - internal remodelling
98
External bone remodelling
- external factors - bone resorption in some areas, bone deposition in another
99
Internal bone remodelling
- never ending cycle of resorption - formation of Haversian systems - resorb dead osteocytes and its surrounding matrix - Haversian systems remodelled - responds to blood calcium level
100
Nutritional effects on bone
1. calcium and phosphorus 2. vit D 3. vit C 4. vit A
101
Calcium and phosphorus
calcify bones
102
Vitamin D
- intestinal absorption of calcium - rickets and osteomalacia (vit D deficiency)
103
Vitamin C
enhance bone absorption and role in collagen formation
104
Vitamin A
stimulate osteoclasts and suppresses osteoblasts
105
Endocrine effects on bone
1. parathyroid hormone 2. calcitonin 3. estrogen 4. androgens 5. human GH
106
Parathyroid hormone
- stimulated by low blood calcium - inhibits bone forming activity - induces secretion of osteoclast-stimulation by osteoblast
107
Calcitonin
inhibits bone resorption by suppressing osteoclasts
108
Estrogen
increases number of osteoblasts
109
Androgen
delays closure of the epiphyseal plates
110
Human Growth Hormone
- stimulate osteoblast proliferation and activity - stimulate osteoclast differentiation and activity
111
Cartilage is composed of ___
1. cells (chondrocytes) 2. intercellular substance (cartilage matrix)

HISTO LAB (4 decks)

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