5 phases of mitosis or cell cycle
- Interphase
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
What are the 3 phases of interphase
G1, S, G2
G1
The cells grow
S phase
A copy of DNA will be created
G2
Prepares for nucleus to divide
Interphase
- longest phase
- has 3 phases
Prophase
- DNA condenses into chromosomes
- nuclear membrane breaks down
- centrioles begins to produce spindle fibres
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and spindle fibres attach to them
Anaphase
Sister chromatids break apart and pull towards the poles
Telophase
- Chromosomes dissolve
- cell pinches at the middle
- nuclear membrane reappears
Cytokines
Cell division separating 1 parent cell into 2 daughter cells
What are the 9 cell organelles
- Lysosomes
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- Nucleus
- Nucleolus
- Mitochondria
- Ribosomes
- Golgi apparatus
- Vacuoles
Vacuoles
- surrounded by a thin membrane and filled with fluid
- function is to store water and waste
Golgi apparatus
Structure- membrane bound organelle made up of a series of flattened stacked pouches
Function- repack proteins from rough er into vesicles
Ribosomes
Structure- tiny dots on we and in the cytoplasm
Function- read rna and synthesize protein
Nucleus
Brain of cell
Structure- membrane sac in a eukaryote cell
Function- to contain and protect DNA
Nucleolus
Structure- small circular structure within the nucleus
Function- to help build proteins
Mitochondria
Powerhouse cell
Structure- has 2 layers and is folded on the inside
Function- produces energy in the form of ATP
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (er)
Structure- folded membranes that look like a transport system
Function- produce proteins
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (er)
Structure- folded membranes that look like a transport system
Function- produce enzymes and lipids
Lysosomes
Structure- membrane bound organelles
Function- brwakdown and digest old cell parts
Cytoskeleton
Function- to give the cell support and help with movement
Microtubules
Used to make cilia flagella
Intermediate fibres
Help structure and support the cell
Microfilaments
(Actin) movement and shape
What are the 3 components of the cytoskeleton
- Microtubules
- Intermediate fibres
- Microfilaments
Plasma membrane (cell membrane)
Structure- thin layer that surrounds the cell
Function- help with protection, transportation, communication
What are the 2 processes of protein synthesis
- Transcription
2. Translation
Transcription
mRNA takes the place of DNA
Translation
mRNA brings the “message” to the ribosomes to start making protein
What are the 7 ways things get in and out of cells
- Diffusion
- Osmosis
- Facilitated diffusion
- Filtration
- Active transport
- Endocytosis
- Exocytosis
Diffusion
When things move from high concentration to low concentration
Osmosis
The movement of a molecule through a semi permeable membrane (high to low)
Facilitated diffusion (think tunnel)
Uses a channel protein as a passageway (high to low)
Filtration
Removal of toxins and waste through the kidney
Active transport
Movement of molecules across a cell membrane from low to high concentration (takes energy)
Endocytosis
Brings in larger objects to the cell (takes energy)
Exocytosis
The cell expels an object (takes energy)
Phagocytosis
Eating of solid molecules
Pinocytosis
Taking in of liquid molecules
Cytoplasm
Everything in the cell membrane
Cytosol
Gooey stuff (mostly water)