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Chapter 3 Cellular Level Of Orginization > Cell > Flashcards

Cell Flashcards

0
Q

What are the three parts to a cell?

A

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus.

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1
Q

Define cell.

A

Is a living structural and functional unit enclosed by a plasma membrane.

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2
Q

Plasma membrane.

A

Composed of lipid by layer and membrane proteins.

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3
Q

Cytoplasm.

A

Which contain cytosol and organelles.

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4
Q

Nucleus.

A

Is contains gens and chromosome. It’s is the control centre of the cell.

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5
Q

What are the two transport processes in the plasma membrane?

A

Passive and active

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6
Q

Passive process

A

A substance moves down its concentration or electrical gradient to cross the membrane using only its kinetic energy.

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7
Q

Active process

A

Is using cellular energy to drive the substance against its concentration or electrical gradient.

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8
Q

What are the two forms of cellular energy used in the active transport process?

A

ATP(adenosine triphosphate) which is the source in primary active transport. The energy stored in sodium and hydrogen (Na+, H+) is the source of secondary active transport.

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9
Q

Diffusion

A

Is when a substance moves from higher concentration to lower concentration in passive process using its own kinetic energy.

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10
Q

Osmosis

A

Is a type of diffusion in which there is a net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane.

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11
Q

Tonicity

A

Is the measure of the solutions ability to alter the volume of the cell by changing there water content.(changing shape, dehydration, hydration)

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12
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Is a solution with lower concentration of salutes than the cytosol inside the red blood cell.

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13
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Is when the solutes is higher in concentration then the cytosol in the red blood cells

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14
Q

Lysis

A

Hypotonic solution the rupture of a cell (Death of a cell)

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15
Q

Crenation

A

DEFINITION
The conversion of normally round red corpuscles into shrunken, knobbed, starry forms, as when blood is mixed with salt solution of 5% strength.

In a hypertonic solution the shrinkage of a cell is called crenation.

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16
Q

What are three active processes in transport of vesicles

A

Endocytosis, exocytosis and transcytosis

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17
Q

Exocytosis

A

Materials move out of a cell by the fusion with the plasma membrane of vesicles formed inside the cell.

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18
Q

Endocytosis

A

Materials move into the cell in a vesicle formed by the plasma membrane. It consists of phagocytosis and pinocytosis.(eating and drinking)

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19
Q

Transcytosis

A

Movement through the cell in and out. ( exocytosis and endocytosis).
Eg. Intestines.

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20
Q

What are the two parts of cytoplasm.

A

Cytosol and organelles.

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21
Q

What is chromatin

A

How genes are dispersed in non dividing cells.

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22
Q

What are genes organized into while dividing cells

A

chromosomes

23
Q

Cell division

A

Is a process in which cells reproduce themselves

24
Q

What are the two type of cell division

A

Reproductive and somatic

25
Q

What is the process of the reproductive cell cycle

A

Meiosis, in which the number of chromosomes in the nucleus is reduced by half

26
Q

What is the process of the somatic cell cycle.

A

Interphase ( when a cell is not dividing) mitotic phase (when a cell is dividing)

27
Q

What happens during interphase

A

The cell grows and replicates its DNA.

28
Q

What happens during mitotic phase

A

Two identical cells form this phase consists of mitosis ( a nuclear division) and cytokinesis ( a cytoplasmic division)

29
Q

What is mitosis

A

Is the distribution of two sets of chromosomes into two separate nuclei.(this division maintains the same number of chromosomes )

30
Q

What are the two type of cell death

A

Apoptosis: is the term for regulated, genetically programmed death
Necrosis: a cell dies due to injuries.

31
Q

Cytology(cell biology)

A

The study of cellular structure and function

32
Q

Permeable

A

Structure permits the passage of a substance through it.

33
Q

Selective permeability

A

Plasma membranes permits some substances to pass more readily than others.

34
Q

Simple diffusion

A

A passive process in which substances move freely through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membranes of cells without the help of membrane transport proteins.

35
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Is when solutes that are too polar or highly charged to move through the lipid bilayer by simple diffusion can cross the plasma membrane by a passive process

36
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Any solution in which a cell maintains its normal shape and volume

37
Q

In primary active transport the carrier proteins that mediate are called?

A

Pumps

38
Q

What is a sodium potassium pump and what does it do?

A

It is a primary active transport and expels sodium ions from a cell and brings potassium ions in( another name or the pump is Na+-K+ ATPase ).

39
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Is a form of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs large solid particles such as worn-out cells, whole bacteria, or viruses

40
Q

Pinocytosis (bulk phase endocytosis)

A

A form of endocytosis in which tiny droplets of extra cellular fluid are taken up

41
Q

What is the cell cycle

A

G1 phase, s phase( interphase) and g2 phase, M phase ( mitotic )

42
Q

What are the different phases in mitotic phase

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

43
Q

What happens in g1 phase and how long does it last

A

8-10hr cell metabolically active, duplicates organelles and cytosolic components, centrosomes replication begins.

44
Q

What happens in interphase and how long does it last.

A

8hrs DNA replicates

45
Q

What happens in G2 phase and how long?

A

4-6hr cell growth continues, enzymes and other proteins are synthesized, centrosomes replication completed.

46
Q

During which phase of the cell does DNA replication occur?

A

S phase ( interphase).

47
Q

What is cytokinesis

A

Division of the cells cytoplasm and organelles into two identical cells.

48
Q

Apoptosis

A

Normal type of cell death

49
Q

Necrosis

A

A pathological type of cell death that results from tissue injury.

50
Q

Ribosomes

A

Are produced in the nucleolus and site of protein synthesis in the cell

51
Q

Lysosomes

A

Also called breakdown bodies or suicide sack

52
Q

Mitochondria

A

Generating most of the ATP and referred as the powerhouse of the cell

53
Q

Smooth ER

A

The site involved in lipid metabolism and detoxification of some drugs

54
Q

How does water move by osmosis across a plasma membranes with a solute concentration

A

It moves from a lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.

55
Q

How does water move by osmosis across plasma membrane from an area of water concentration

A

Move from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration

Chapter 3 Cellular Level Of Orginization (1 decks)

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