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Flashcards in Cell biology Deck (28)
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1
Q

What surrounds the cytoplasm and what is made of? (1+4)

A
Plasma membrane:
phospholipid bilayer
carbohydrates
proteins
cholesterol
2
Q

Parts of a phospholipid and their qualities?

A

Phosphate head - hydrophilic

fatty acid tail - hydrophobic

3
Q

What are cell membrane proteins for? (4)

A

Glycoproteins for immunological identity
Receptors for chemical messengers
Enzymes
Transport

4
Q

What surrounds DNA and what is its special quality?

A

Nuclear envelope - has tiny pores

5
Q

DNA types during interphase and their qualities?

A

Heterochromatin - supercoiled and not expressed

Euchromatin - uncoiled and expressed

6
Q

What’s in the centre of the nucleus and what does it do?

A

Nucleolus, synthesizes and assembles ribosomes

7
Q

What do mitochondria do?

A

Aerobic respiration to form ATP

8
Q

Ribosome constituents and function? (2+2+1)

A

RNA and protein
40S and 60S subunits
Make proteins from RNA template

9
Q

Types of endoplasmic reticulum and their functions? (2+4)

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - Protein synthesis for export

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - synthesize lipids, steroid hormones, detoxification

10
Q

Golgi apparatus and its sides and functions? (4 steps)

A

Take RER protein through cis terminal
Modify
Package
Release secretory granules, some for exocytosis, from trans terminal

11
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Secretory vesicles from Golgi apparatus

Breaking down organelles and large molecules

12
Q

Three cytoskeleton components?

A

Microfilaments
Microtubules
Centrosomes

13
Q

Microfilament description and purpose? (4)

A

Smallest fibres
Shape
Support
Permit contraction

14
Q

Microtubule description and purpose?

A

Larger contractile protein
Moves organelles
Moves chromosomes
Cell extension motility

15
Q

Centrosome function? End product name?

A

Keep microtubules in a bundled pair

centriole

16
Q

Types if cell extensions? (3)

A

Microvilli
Cilia
Flagella

17
Q

Microvilli purpose? Which Cytoskeleton component?

A

Increase surface area for nutrient absorption

Microfilaments

18
Q

Cilia purpose? Cytosekeleton component? 2 examples?

A

Move substance across tissue surface
Microtubules
Trachea for mucus
Fallopian tubes for ovum

19
Q

Flagella purpose? Cytoskeleton component?

A

Propel spermatozoon forwards in female reproductive tract

Microtubule

20
Q

4+1+1 phases of cell cycle and their purpose?

A

Gap phase 1 (G1) - growth
Synthesis phase (S) - Replicate DNA
Gap phase 2 - Further growth
Mitotic phase (M) - creating two identical daughter cells
Cytokinesis - Separation of two daughter cells
G0 - resting phase

21
Q

Mitosis phases? Their purposes?

A

Prophase - supercoil chromatin, disintegrate nuclear envelope
Metaphase - Chromosomes line up at metaphase plate
Anaphase - Centromeres pull sister chromatids apart
Telophase - Mitotic spindle disappears, chromosomes uncoil, nuclear envelope reforms

22
Q

Cytokinesis purpose?

A

Separate two identical daughter cells and their organelles

23
Q

Types of passive transport? Its characterstic?

A

Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Small molecules down concentration gradient, no energy required

24
Q

Two types of simple diffusion? Which substances? (4+4)

A

Lipid soluble through membrane - fatty acids, steroids, O2, CO2
Water soluble through water-filled channels - water, sodium, potassium, calcium

25
Q

What requires facilitated diffusion? How does it work?

A

Larger polar molecules - eg. sugar and amino acids

Bind to channel and deposited on the other side down the concentration gradient

26
Q

What is osmosis? (tonicity)

A

Movement of water from hypotonic to hypertonic until isotonic

27
Q

Three things about active transport?

A

Specific transmembrane proteins
Up concentration gradient
Uses ATP

28
Q

Three types of bulk transport and their characteristics?

A

Phagocytosis - large solid, lysosome binds to vacuole
Pinocytosis - iquid in, lysosome binds to vacuole
Exocytosis - secretory vesicles and indigestible phagocytic material