What surrounds the cytoplasm and what is made of? (1+4)
Plasma membrane: phospholipid bilayer carbohydrates proteins cholesterol
Parts of a phospholipid and their qualities?
Phosphate head - hydrophilic
fatty acid tail - hydrophobic
What are cell membrane proteins for? (4)
Glycoproteins for immunological identity
Receptors for chemical messengers
Enzymes
Transport
What surrounds DNA and what is its special quality?
Nuclear envelope - has tiny pores
DNA types during interphase and their qualities?
Heterochromatin - supercoiled and not expressed
Euchromatin - uncoiled and expressed
What’s in the centre of the nucleus and what does it do?
Nucleolus, synthesizes and assembles ribosomes
What do mitochondria do?
Aerobic respiration to form ATP
Ribosome constituents and function? (2+2+1)
RNA and protein
40S and 60S subunits
Make proteins from RNA template
Types of endoplasmic reticulum and their functions? (2+4)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - Protein synthesis for export
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - synthesize lipids, steroid hormones, detoxification
Golgi apparatus and its sides and functions? (4 steps)
Take RER protein through cis terminal
Modify
Package
Release secretory granules, some for exocytosis, from trans terminal
What are lysosomes?
Secretory vesicles from Golgi apparatus
Breaking down organelles and large molecules
Three cytoskeleton components?
Microfilaments
Microtubules
Centrosomes
Microfilament description and purpose? (4)
Smallest fibres
Shape
Support
Permit contraction
Microtubule description and purpose?
Larger contractile protein
Moves organelles
Moves chromosomes
Cell extension motility
Centrosome function? End product name?
Keep microtubules in a bundled pair
centriole
Types if cell extensions? (3)
Microvilli
Cilia
Flagella
Microvilli purpose? Which Cytoskeleton component?
Increase surface area for nutrient absorption
Microfilaments
Cilia purpose? Cytosekeleton component? 2 examples?
Move substance across tissue surface
Microtubules
Trachea for mucus
Fallopian tubes for ovum
Flagella purpose? Cytoskeleton component?
Propel spermatozoon forwards in female reproductive tract
Microtubule
4+1+1 phases of cell cycle and their purpose?
Gap phase 1 (G1) - growth
Synthesis phase (S) - Replicate DNA
Gap phase 2 - Further growth
Mitotic phase (M) - creating two identical daughter cells
Cytokinesis - Separation of two daughter cells
G0 - resting phase
Mitosis phases? Their purposes?
Prophase - supercoil chromatin, disintegrate nuclear envelope
Metaphase - Chromosomes line up at metaphase plate
Anaphase - Centromeres pull sister chromatids apart
Telophase - Mitotic spindle disappears, chromosomes uncoil, nuclear envelope reforms
Cytokinesis purpose?
Separate two identical daughter cells and their organelles
Types of passive transport? Its characterstic?
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Small molecules down concentration gradient, no energy required
Two types of simple diffusion? Which substances? (4+4)
Lipid soluble through membrane - fatty acids, steroids, O2, CO2
Water soluble through water-filled channels - water, sodium, potassium, calcium
What requires facilitated diffusion? How does it work?
Larger polar molecules - eg. sugar and amino acids
Bind to channel and deposited on the other side down the concentration gradient
What is osmosis? (tonicity)
Movement of water from hypotonic to hypertonic until isotonic
Three things about active transport?
Specific transmembrane proteins
Up concentration gradient
Uses ATP
Three types of bulk transport and their characteristics?
Phagocytosis - large solid, lysosome binds to vacuole
Pinocytosis - iquid in, lysosome binds to vacuole
Exocytosis - secretory vesicles and indigestible phagocytic material