Flashcards in Cell Division Test Deck (80):
1
What is an example of apopptosis
When fetuses have webbed fingers and toes, that tissue goes through this
2
Entire genetic material of an organism
Genome
3
Proteins around which DNA is wrapped
Histones
4
Threadlike structure of DNA in nucleus that is not dividing
Chromatin
5
Discrete molecule of DNA that has coiled and condensed and is visible
Chromosome
6
The chromosome is in the
Nucleus
7
Humans have __ chromosomes
46, 23 pairs
8
One of two identical copies of a duplicated chromosome
Chromatid
9
Part of a chromosome that attaches sister chromatids together
Centromere
10
Total number of chromosomes in an organism cell __ abbreviated __
Diploid number
2n
Humans 46
11
One half of diploid number __, abbreviated __
Haploid number
n
Humans 23
12
Picture showing all the chromosomes of the cell
Karyotype
13
Sex cells, contain haploid number of chromosomes (23)
Gametes
14
The gametes of women cells are __
The gametes of men cells are __
Eggs
Sperm
15
Cells that produce gametes
Germ cells
16
All cells of the body except germ cells
Somatic cells
17
Two basic types of cells in the body
Germ cells and somatic cells
18
The process of a nuclear cell division that produces two genetically identical diploid daughter cells
Mitosis
19
Function of mitosis
Growth and repair
20
Process that occurs in gametes that usually produces four genetically different haploid daughter cells
Meiosis
21
Series of reactions that the cell undergoes when it is dividing
Cell cycle
22
Stages of cell cycle
Interphase, mitosis (m stage), cytokinesis
23
Phase between my mitotic divisions
Interphase
24
Three stages of interphase
G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase
25
G stands for __, and S stands for __
Growth
Synthesis
26
What happens in the S-phase
It is where DNA replication occurs
27
Stages of mitosis
Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
28
Three things that happen in prophase
1. DNA coils, condenses, and becomes visible
2. Nucleolus disappears
3. Spindle is formed
29
Moves the chromosomes when it is time
Spindle
30
What happens in prometaphase
Nuclear envelope disappears
31
What happens in metaphase
Chromosomes line up on metaphase plate, which is on the equator of the cell
32
What happens during anaphase
Sister chromatids are pulled apart at centromere, toward opposite poles
33
Three things that happened during telophase
1. Chromatids reach opposite poles
2. Nuclear membrane reforms
3. Nucleolus reappears
34
Cytokinesis is part of the __, but not __
M phase
Mitosis
35
What happens during cytokinesis
1. The two cells separate
2. Cleavage Furrough forms which helps it separate
36
Cleavage Furrough is only in __ cells, in plant cells it is __
Animal
Cell plate
37
At the end of cytokinesis you have __
Two genetically identical cells
38
In mitosis you start out with __ and end up with __
One diploid daughter cell
Two genetically identical diploid daughter cells
39
Types of cell cycle regulations
Check points, Go phase, telomeres
40
Check over what has happened, make sure everything is right
Check points
41
Checkpoints are controlled by __, __ and __ it
Growth factor, which stimulate the cell cycle and suppress it
42
Four examples of checkpoints
G1 checkpoint, S checkpoint, G2 checkpoint, metaphase checkpoint
43
In G1 checkpoint DNA is __
Screened for damage
44
If the G1 checkpoint cannot fix The damage, __ will trigger __
p53 (protein)
Apoptosis
45
S check points do what
Ensure accurate DNA replication
46
G2 checkpoint is after __ and does what?
DNA replication
1. Checks for damaged DNA, two complete sets
2. Tries to fix problems or calls in p53
47
What two things does metaphase checkpoint do
1. Ensures alignment of chromosomes
2. Make sure spindle is attached correctly
48
The stage in which the cell cycle is stopped (when cells are done dividing for the most part)
Go
49
Specific sequences of DNA found it both ends of chromosomes
Telomeres
50
Each time a cell divides, telomeres get __
Shorter
51
Once the telomeres get so short that they are eventually gone, the cell __
Quits dividing
52
Each cell undergoes about __ until the telomeres are gone
50 divisions
53
Enzyme that adds telomeres back onto the chromosome
Telomerase
54
Telomerase is present in cells but need to __
Divide your whole life
Ex: skin cells, blood cells and cancer cells
55
Growth or abnormal mass of tissue
Tumor
56
Slow-growing tumor and it will not spread
Benign
57
__ suffix means it is benign
oma
58
Fast growing and likely to spread
Malignant
59
__ suffix means it's malignant
sarcoma and carcinoma
60
Medical term for cancer
Neoplasia
(Neo means new, plasia means growth)
61
Means the cancer has already spread
Metastasis
62
How are cancer cells different from regular cells
1. They look different- rounder and lose normal features
2. They're immortal
3. They make their own signals about when to divide
4. Black contact inhibition (they'll pile up, being contacted with other cells doesn't stop them from dividing)
5. When damaged, they may not die
6. They will build their own blood supply (angiogenesis)
63
Production of blood supply (tumors can do this on their own)
Angiogenesis
64
Once a cell is contacted on all cells, they stop dividing
Contact inhibition
65
Programmed cell death, supposed to happen
Apoptosis
66
Causes of cancer
Oncogenes and damaged tumor suppressed genes
67
Abnormal variants of genes that control cell division
Oncogenes
68
Oncogenes we genes that __
Cause cancer
69
Example of oncogenes
Cervical, bladder, and liver cancer
70
Only __ is needed to be expressed
One oncogene
71
Promote normal cell death or prevent cell division
Tumor suppressor genes
72
If tumor suppressor genes are inactivated or damaged the you can have __
Cancer
73
Unlike oncogenes, __ must be inactivated or damaged to cause __
Both genes
Cancer
74
Treatments of cancer
Chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, and there are new techniques
75
Medication that targets rapidly dividing cells
Chemotherapy
76
Side effects of chemo are __ because __
Hair loss, nausea, low white blood cell count because skin cells, intestinal cells, and blood cells divide rapidly
77
Examples of radiation
X-rays and radioactive isotopes
78
Example of radioactive isotope
Radioactive iodine, which destroys
79
Newer treatments include __
Viruses that attack cancer
80