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Introductory Biochemistry > Cell Signalling > Flashcards

Cell Signalling Flashcards

1
Q

What are carbon skeletons?

A

The backbone of organic molecules, composed of carbon-carbon molecules

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1
Q

When amino acids lose nitrogen, they become carbon skeletons. What takes up this nitrogen?

A

Urea

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2
Q

What is the only organ to possess the enzymes to form ketone bodies?

A

The liver

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3
Q

Are ketone bodies more or less soluble than fatty acids?

A

More soluble

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4
Q

What are three examples of ketone bodies?

A
  1. Acetoacetate
  2. Beta-hydroxybutyrate
  3. Acetone
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5
Q

What is the only organ to have an absolute minimum glucose requirement?

A

The brain

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6
Q

What are ketone bodies?

A

Water-soluble C4 units produced by the liver and delivered to other tissues, that contain ketone groups

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7
Q

Hydroxybutyrate is an example of what?

A

A ketone body

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8
Q

During periods of starvation, the liver redirects TCA metabolites to what?

A

Glucose production

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9
Q

During periods of starvation, the liver redirects fatty acid catabolism to what?

A

Ketone body production

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10
Q

What major energy source can the brain use during periods when glucose is not readily available (during starvation)?

A

Ketone bodies

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11
Q

Metabolising proteins for ketone bodies instead of fatty acids can take away what from cells?

A

It can take away vital proteins from cells, and they may lose function

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12
Q

Excess production of what can occur in metabolic diseases such as diabetes, mellitus, and bovine ketosis?

A

Ketone bodies

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13
Q

Muscles have a large store of what molecule?

A

Glycogen

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14
Q

Between the liver and muscles, there is a cycling of what two different pathways?

A

Glucogenic and ketogenic

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15
Q

What three amino acids are used in the synthesis of creatine?

A
  1. Arginine
  2. Glycine
  3. Methionine
16
Q

When muscles undergo bursts of heavy activity, what two sources of energy do they use?

A

Phosphocreatine and stored glycogen

17
Q

During periods of light activity or rest, what three energy sources do muscles use?

A
  1. Fatty acids
  2. Ketone bodies
  3. Blood glucose
18
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A

A connective tissue that extends throughout the body, known as body fat

19
Q

Triacylglycerols are stored in large amounts in adipose tissue. The glucose levels in adipose tissue determine what molecules are released into the blood?

A

Fatty acids

20
Q

Fatty acids are hydrophobic. How do they travel around the bloodstream?

A

By carrier proteins

21
Q

What is gluconeogensis?

A

Like reverse glycolysis. Taking pyruvate and other metabolites and converting them into glucose

22
Q

How is the local (cellular) metabolism controlled?

A

By enzymes

23
Q

How is the overall (organismal) metabolism controlled?

A

By hormones

24
Q

The first step in a metabolic pathway is the most regulated and requires the most energy to continue. What is it called?

A

The rate-limiting step

25
Q

What types of hormones bind to receptors outside of the cell?

A

Hydrophilic hormones such as peptide or amine hormones

26
Q

What types of hormones bind to receptors inside of the cell?

A

Hydrophobic hormones such as steroid or thyroid hormones

27
Q

What glands release hormones into the circulatory system?

A

Endocrine glands

28
Q

What is the normal range of blood glucose?

A

Between 60-90 mg/100mL

29
Q

A blood glucose level below 40 mg/100mL can cause what conditions?

A
  1. Lethargy
  2. Convulsions
  3. Coma
  4. Permanent brain damage
  5. Death
30
Q

What type of cells respond to low blood glucose levels by producing/releasing insulin?

A

Pancreatic beta cells

31
Q

Is insulin a catabolic or an anabolic hormone?

A

An anabolic hormone

32
Q

In terms of selectivity and affinity, what properties must receptors have for their ligands?

A
  1. Receptors must selectively recognise their ligand only
  2. Receptors must have a high affinity for their ligand only
33
Q

What hormone do pancreatic beta cells produce and release?

A

Insulin

34
Q

Pancreatic beta cells have proteins in their membranes, which are transporters for insulin. What are they called?

A

GLUT2

35
Q

GLP-1 is a glucagon-like signalling molecule. It is released from L cells found where in the body?

A

The intestine

36
Q

Ingestion of food stimulates the L cell to release what signalling molecule into the bloodstream?

A

GLP-1

37
Q

GLP-1 has a receptor on the brain. When attached to the receptor, what affect does it have on the body?

A

It reduces hunger and food intake

Introductory Biochemistry (16 decks)

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