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Histology > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cell general structure?

A

Organelles- membranous, vital functions
Particles and inclusions-storage and synthesis
Cytoskeleton-support, cell motility and intracellular transport

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2
Q

What are the types of membranes?

A

Lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of membranes lipids?

A

Mostly phospholipids, cholesterol and glycolipids
Possess amphiphatic structure with hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
Form a mosaic fluid

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of membranes proteins?

A

Divided based on structure and function
Structure-Peripheral and integral (transmembrane)
Function-Transport, receptors ( transmembrane)and structural(extracellular and intracellular)

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5
Q

What the types of transport proteins?

A

Channel proteins or “pores”
Carrier proteins- move target across membrane
Pumps- use ATP

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of membranes carbohydrates?

A

Mostly oloigosaccharides
Attach to proteins->glycoproteins
Attach to lipids->Glycolipids
Form fuzzy coating->Glycocalyx

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7
Q

What are the particles and inclusions?

A

Ribosomes-RNA+ proteins–>protein synthesis

Lysosomes–> storage

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of ribosomes?

A

3 types
Free ribosomes-Majority of cellular proteins
RER-Golgi, lysosomes plasma membrane
Mitochondrial Ribosomes-20% of mitochondrial proteins

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of lysosomes?

A 
Digestive system
Hydrologic enzymes(proteases, lipases)
3 types-Primary(no substrate), secondary (fusion with target), lipofuscin granules (remnants, bright yellow)
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10
Q

What are the lysosomal storage diseases?

A

I cell disease
Sorting signal not formes
Lack of lysosomal enzymes
Presentation: abnormal skeleton, hepatomegaly restricted joints

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of the smooth ER?

A 
No ribosomes
Mostly tubular
Lipids and steroid metabolism
Detoxification 
Glycogen metabolism
Special one -sarcoplasmic reticulum- storage of calcium
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12
Q

What are the characteristics of rough ER?

A

Ribosomes
Mostly cisternae
Proteins synthesis for export, Golgi, lysosomes and plasma membrane

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of the Golgi complex?

A

Receives transport vesicles from RER
Cisternae
Different areas-cis, medial and trans Golgi

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14
Q

What are the functions of the Golgi?

A

Modification of proteins-Phosphorylation in cis Golgi, glycosylation in medial Golgi
Sorting of macromolecules into vesicles
Packaging of transport vesicles
Lysosomes production

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15
Q

What are the destinations of proteins from Golgi?

A

Secretory vesicles
Lysosomes
Constitutive pathway

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of peroxisomes?

A

Oxidative enzymes
Not formed in the rough ER
Oxidize very long chains fatty acid
Degrade hydrogen peroxide using catalase

17
Q

What are the peroxisomes pathologies?

A

Zellweger syndrome which presents with lack of peroxidases enzymes, absence of myelin sheath no cure and early death
Adrenoleukodystrophy genetic linked X chromosome, impaired oxidation of fatty acids, lipid accumulation in brain and adrenals. Result= dementia and adrenal failure

18
Q

What are the characteristics of the mitochondria?

A 
Cell power plant-ATP production
Oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids
Double membrane
Circular DNA
Multiply by division
19
Q

What is the mitochondria structure?

A

Outer membrane contains pores
Inner membrane-Thin with folds(cristae) enzymes
Intermembrane space contains metabolic substrates, enzymes and cytochrome C(involved in apoptosis)

20
Q

What are the characteristics of the Nucleus?

A 
Spherical
Double membrane envelope
Chromatin(DNA + Proteins)
Nucleoplasm
Nucleoli
21
Q

What are the characteristics of the nuclear envelope?

A 
Outer membrane continuous with RER
Perinuclear space
Inner membrane bins to laminés, chromatin
Nuclear lamina
Pores
22
Q

What are the characteristics of chromatin?

A

Can be differentiate into
Transcriptionally active-Euchromatin- loosely packed, light stained
Metabolically inactive-Heterochromatin-Densely packed, dark stains

23
Q

What are the characteristics of the nucleolus?

A

Ribosomes production
Fibrillar center (DNA, transcription factors)
Dense fibrillar component
Granular component (pre ribosomal particles)

24
Q

What are the components of the cytoskeleton?

A

Thin filaments-actin
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments

25
Q

What are the components of the thin filaments?

A

G-actin monomeric

F-Actin polymerized, polar with a plus end and minus end about 6nm in diameter

26
Q

What are the characteristics of the thin filaments?

A 
Form the cell cortex
Resist deformation
Transmit forces
Reinforces plasma membrane
Actin motor=myosin
27
Q

What are the characteristics of the microtubules?

A 
20-25 mm hollow cylinders
Present in all cells excepts erythrocytes
Non branching
Polymerized (alpha and Beta tubulin)
Polar( plus end at the periphery, minus end center)
Motors-
 Dyneins move to minus end
 Kinesins move to plus end
28
Q

What are the microtubules functions?

A

Organelle movement-intracellular transport
Chromosome movement via mitotic spindle
Cilia/Flagella beating

29
Q

What are the microtubules higher order structures?

A

Axoneme (cilia, flagella) with 9 Doublets and a central pairs
Basal bodies- centrioles
MTOC: 2 centrioles

30
Q

What are the characteristics of the centrioles?

A 
160-230 mm diameter hollow cylinders
9 triplets of microtubules with no central pair
Replicate during mitosis
Migrate to the poles 
Organize the mitotic spindle
31
Q

What are the characteristics of the intermediate filaments?

A

Intermediate in thickness
No polarity
No motors

32
Q

What are the major groups of intermediate filaments and their location?

A 
Lamins- Nucleus
Keratins-Epithelium
Vimentin-Connective tissue
Desmin- Muscle
GFAP- glial cells
Neurofilaments-Neurons
33
Q

What are the functions of the intermediate filaments?

A 
Spread tensile forces
maintain cell architecture
Act as a cocoon when cell is damaged
Anchor ion channel proteins
Form nuclear lamina

Histology (7 decks)

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