Cells, Matrix, Ossification, Bone Density, Bone Variation

Question 1

What are the four basic tissues of the human body

Answer 1

epithelial, muscle, neural and connective tissue

Question 2

What is osteology

Answer 2

the study of bone

Question 3

What is the function of each type of bone cell

Answer 3

Osteoblasts- form bone
Osteocytes-maintain or nurture bone
Osteoclast-Remodel bone

Question 4

What are the three primary cell types of bone

Answer 4

osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts

Question 5

What are the bone cells embedded in

Answer 5

an amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers and various minerals

Question 6

What is the primary constituent of the ground substance

Answer 6

glycosaminoglycans

Question 7

What types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bones

Answer 7

chondroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates and hyaluronic acid

Question 8

What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone

Answer 8

collagen type 1

Question 9

What are the primary constituents of the bone mineral

Answer 9

calcium, phospate, citrate and carbonate ions

Question 10

What is the most frequently described deposit in bone

Answer 10

hydroxyapatite

Question 11

Bone is also the repository for what additional ions

Answer 11

Sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead, strontium and radium

Question 12

What is Wolff’s Law

Answer 12

living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to stress

Question 13

What are the three responses of bone that allow it to be described as “living”

Answer 13

it has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors and to age

Question 14

What is bone the embryological derivative of

Answer 14

mesenchyme or cartilage

Question 15

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in messenchyme

Answer 15

intramembranous ossification

Question 16

What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification

Answer 16

from the second to third month in utero

Question 17

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage

Answer 17

endochondral ossification

Question 18

What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage

Answer 18

from the second to the fifth month in utero

Question 19

What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification

Answer 19

chondrocranium

Question 20

Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification

Answer 20

the clavicle

Question 21

What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance

Answer 21

primary centers of ossification appear before birth

secondary centers appear after birth

Question 22

Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density

Answer 22

cortical or compact bone and spongy, cancellous or trabecular bone

Question 23

What is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface

Answer 23

subchondral bone

Question 24

What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone

Answer 24

the periosteum

Question 25

What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone

Answer 25

the endostium

Question 26

What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone

Answer 26

1) sexual dimorphism (gender variation)
2) ontogenetic variation (growth or age variation)
3) geographic or population-based variation (ethnic variation)
4) idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)