Cellular/molecular Physiology And Neurophysiology Flashcards
Explain homeostasis when body temp goes down
Blood vessels constrict and sometimes we curl up, which decreases the heat loss from our body. We will shiver as well, which increases heat production
Define homeostasis and explain its significance in health, normal physiology and disease
Homeostasis = relatively stable condition of internal environment that results from regulatory system actions
What’s the difference between steady state and equilibrium?
In steady state, energy (ex. heat) must be added continuously to maintain a constant condition. In equilibrium, no input of energy is required for the variable to remain constant.
List the levels of organization in a living human, in order
Atom > molecule > macromolecule (carbohydrate, lipid, etc) > organelle > cell > tissue > organ > organ system > organism
List and explain all the fundamental activities of life, seen in a cell
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Compare and contrast cell division from differentiation.
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Name and recognize the 4 major tissue types
Nervous, muscle, epithelial, connective
Distinguish the subtypes of epithelial tissue.
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List the functions of each type of epithelium.
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Contrast the 3 types of muscle tissue regarding their structure and function
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List the components of connective tissue.
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Describe the function of the different parts of connective tissue.
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Describe the tissue components of an “organ”
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Recall and list the components of body fluid.
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Contrast and describe the ICF and ECF
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List the electrolyte concentrations for each compartment
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Explain and give example of negative feedback loop
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Explain and provide example of positive feedback loop
Positive feedback accelerates a process, leading to an “explosive” system. An example is birth (parturition) and the secretion of oxytocin for uterine contractions.
Describe and provide example of reflex arc
Neural or hormonal component that mediate a reflex; usually include receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, and effector. The reflex for minimizing the decrease in body temperature. See pg 11
Describe and provide example of feedforward
Feedforward is an aspect of some control systems that allows system to anticipate changes in a regulated variable. An example is smelling food, which triggers nerve responses from odor receptors in the nose to the digestive system. This induces saliva to be secreted and causing the stomach to churn and produce acid.
Understand the different forms of chemical messengers.
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Discuss the structure and function of the cell membrane: lipid bilayer, integral and peripheral proteins, and carbohydrates
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Explain Hereditary Spherocytosis and its genetic defect
Hereditary spherocytosis is a condition that affects red blood cells. People with this condition typically experience a shortage of red blood cells (anemia), yellowing of the eyes and skin (jaundice), and an enlarged spleen (splenomegaly). Mutations in at least five genes cause hereditary spherocytosis. These genes provide instructions for producing proteins that are found on the membranes of red blood cells. These proteins transport molecules into and out of cells, attach to other proteins, and maintain cell structure. Some of these proteins allow for cell flexibility; red blood cells have to be flexible to travel from the large blood vessels (arteries) to the smaller blood vessels (capillaries). The proteins allow the cell to change shape without breaking when passing through narrow capillaries.
Mutations in red blood cell membrane proteins result in an overly rigid, misshapen cell. Instead of a flattened disc shape, these cells are spherical. Dysfunctional membrane proteins interfere with the cell’s ability to change shape when traveling through the blood vessels. The misshapen red blood cells, called spherocytes, are removed from circulation and taken to the spleen for destruction. Within the spleen, the red blood cells break down (undergo hemolysis). The shortage of red blood cells in circulation and the abundance of cells in the spleen are responsible for the signs and symptoms of hereditary spherocytosis.
Mutations in the ANK1 gene are responsible for approximately half of all cases of hereditary spherocytosis. The other genes associated with hereditary spherocytosis each account for a smaller percentage of cases of this condition.
Explain desmosomes, gap junctions, and tight junctions
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Describe and explain the process of free diffusion as it applies to molecular transport.
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Memorize and duplicate Fick’s Law and use it to compute flux
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Explain the effect of each variable in Fick’s Law
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Define and explain carrier mediated transport (CMT)
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Define competition and saturation kinetics as they relate to CMT
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Describe the steps and process of Uniport CMT
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Describe the process of glucose transport, GLUT-4, and how this changes in diabetes mellitus
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Contrast free diffusion and CMT
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List the four clinical aberrations that occur without insulin. Explain how each of these occurs (mechanism).
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Explain AT and list its properties
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List and explain the steps in the sodium potassium pump
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Name three examples of Primary AT
Sodium-Potassium Pump (Na+/K+ -ATPase), Ca2+ -ATPase, H+ -ATPase, H+/K+ -ATPase
Describe secondary AT and contrast it from Primary. How are these important for homeostasis?
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Describe the mechanism of Digitalis. How does this affect the heart?
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Explain and illustrate the process of osmosis. Explain osmotic pressure.
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List the variables in van’t Hoffs Law and know the equation
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Define osmolarity
Total solute concentration of a solution; measure of water concentration in that the higher the solution osmolarity, the lower the water concentration
Define the Reflection Coefficient and compose an example of a molecule with a high and low RF describing the physiological significance.
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Define non-penetrating solutes, contrast this with penetrating solutes
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Define “third-spacing” and explain the significance of this concept on disease
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Describe and explain the concept of Tonicity, contrasting the 3 forms.
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Analyze the process of a healthy cell placed in a hypotonic solution
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Describe and contrast 3 different forms of endocytosis
Endocytosis is the process in which plasma membrane folds into the cell, forming small pockets that pinch off to produce intracellular, membrane-bound vesicles. The three types are pinocytosis (cell drinking), phagocytosis (cell eating), and receptor-mediated.
Pinocytosis is used to engulf ions, nutrients, or any other small extracellular molecule. An endocytotic vesicle encloses a small volume of extracellular fluid (which whatever solutes are present).
Phagocytosis is used to engulf bacteria or large particles, such as cell debris from damaged tissues. Pseudopodia (extensions of the plasma membrane) fold completely around the particle. The pseudopodia then fuse into large vesicles called phagosomes. Inside the cell, the phagosomes join with lysosomes and the contents of the phagosomes are destroyed by lysosomal enzymes and other molecules. Only a few types of cells (ex. cells of the immune system) use phagocytosis.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis is the SPECIFIC uptake of ligands (any molecule or ion that binds to protein surface by non-covalent bonds) in the ECF by regions of the plasma membrane that invaginate and form intracellular vesicles. Ex. Cholesterol (a building block for plasma and intracellular membranes)
Define and explain the six properties of receptor-ligand kinetics
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Compare, contrast and define down-regulation and up-regulation
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List the 3 possible outcomes of receptor activation
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Explain the process of Signal Transduction (ST). Compare and contrast protein vs. steroid pathways/mechanisms
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List the 5 key steps in G-protein signal transduction (ST)
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Critique the G-protein system, construct 3 potential mechanisms you could design to interfere or block with this mechanism.
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Explain the mechanism of ligand-gated ST
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List the steps and contrast TK, JK, and C-Calmodulin mechanisms of ST
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Design a drug “XTK” that would inhibit Tyrosine Kinase ST
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Define anabolic, catabolic, and metabolism
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Explain the process of a chemical reaction, energy of reaction, activation energy, and reversibility
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Define calorie and kilocalorie
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List the 4 parameters that regulate reaction rate
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Contrast activation energy from energy of the reaction
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Define and illustrate the Law of Mass Action
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Explain the utilization of enzymes in metabolism
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List 5 major properties of enzymes
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Draw, recognize and explain the following enzyme kinetic curves: substrate vs rate, 2X enzyme, affinity modulation, positive and negative effectors, competitive and non-competitive inhibitors
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Contrast competitive from non-competitive inhibition of enzymes
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Illustrate and explain allosteric and covalent inhibition
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Define cofactors and coenzymes
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Contrast non-competitive inhibition from irreversible inhibition
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Design and illustrate a multi-enzyme pathway, controlled via negative feedback inhibition
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Draw and label the basic structure of a neuron
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List the properties of myelin and describe the process of myelination
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Demonstrate the benefit of myelin
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