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MSK > Cervical + Thoracic Spine > Flashcards

Cervical + Thoracic Spine Flashcards

1
Q

Number of cervical vertebra

A

7

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2
Q

Number of cervical spinal nerves

A

8

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3
Q

Number of thoracic vertebra

A

12

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4
Q

What vertebrae are atypical?

A

C1, C2 + C7

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5
Q

Function of the cervical vertebrae transverse foramen

A

C1-C6 transmit the vertebral artery, vein and sympathetic nerve plexus
C7 transmits accessory vertebral vein only

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6
Q

Describe the cervical vertebrae

A

Anatomical features of lumbar spine vertebrae

Bifid spinous NOT C7
Small + broad body
Contain transverse foramen

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7
Q

Cervical vertebrae orientation

A

45°

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8
Q

What is the name for the C1 vertebra?

A

Atlas

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9
Q

What is the name for the C2 vertebrae?

A

Axis

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10
Q

How is the C1 vertebra atypical?

A

No spinous process
No vertebral body
Has anterior and posterior arch

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11
Q

Describe the C1vertebra

A

Anterior + posterior arch
No spinous process
No vertebral body
Largest lateral masses
Transverse foramen in transverse processes
Articulate facet for dens in middle of anterior arch
Widest cervical vertebrae foramen

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12
Q

Why are the lateral masses on the C1 vertebra the biggest?

A

Supports head
Spreads out the weight

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13
Q

What attaches to the anterior arch of C1?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

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14
Q

What attaches to the posterior arch of C1?

A

Ligamentum nuchae

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15
Q

What is the atlanto-occipitial joint between?

A

Between the occiput of skull + atlas vertebrae

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16
Q

What does the atlanto-occipital joint permit?

A

Flexion + extension
Head nodding

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17
Q

What is the atlanto-axis joint between?

A

Between atlas + axis vertebrae

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18
Q

Why is the C2 vertebra atypical?

A

Dens/Odontoid process

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19
Q

Describe the C2 vertebra

A

Largest spinous process
Dens/Odontoceti process
Other features of cervical spine

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20
Q

What holds the dens in place?

A

Transverse ligament of atlas

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21
Q

What does the atlanto-axis joint permit?

A

Rotation
Shaking head

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22
Q

What does the transverse ligament of atlas permit?

A

Rotation
‘no’

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23
Q

What is the function of the odontoid process?

A

Acts as a pivot joint
Allows rotation

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24
Q

What is atantoaxial instability?

A

Excessive movement between C1 + C2 vertebrae

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25
Q

What causes atlantoaxial instability?

A

Due to damage of transverse ligament
Causes - acute trauma e.g. C1 fracture
- erosion from inflammatory conditions e.g RA

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26
Q

What happens in atlantoaxial instability?

A
  • C1 vertebra moves forwards when head moves forwards
  • Compression of spinal cord
27
Q

Why is the C7 vertebra atypical?

A
  • Longest spinous process - not bifid
  • Small transverse foramen - only transmits accessory vertebral veins
28
Q

Name for the C7 vertebrae

A

Vertebrae prominens

29
Q

List nerve roots and where the exit in relation to their corresponding vertebrae

A

C1-C7 - exit above corresponding vertebrae
C8 - between C7 + T1 vertebrae
T1-L5 - exit below corresponding vertebrae

30
Q

Cervical spine nerves exit more horizontally to lumbar spine - what does this mean clinically?

A
  • No transversing nerve roots in cervical spine
  • Exiting nerve root compressed by intervertebral disc prolapse
31
Q

List the ligaments in the spine

A

6
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Intertransverse ligament
Ligamentum flavum
Interspinous ligament
Supraspinous ligament

32
Q

Location of the anterior longitudinal ligament

A

Anterior vertebral body
C1 to sacrum
Broader than PLL - stronger

33
Q

Function of anterior longitudinal ligament

A

Prevent hyperextension of vertebral column

34
Q

Location of posterior longitudinal ligament
Clinical relevance

A

Posterior to vertebral body
C2 to sacral canal

Intervertebral disc prolapse often occurs laterally

35
Q

Function of posterior longitudinal ligament

A

Prevent hyperflexion of vertebral column

36
Q

Location of the intertransverse ligament

A

Between transverse processes

37
Q

Location of the ligamentum flavum

A

Connect to lamina of vertebrae

38
Q

What colour is ligamentum flavum?

A

Yellow

39
Q

What does the ligamentum flavum contain a lot of?

A

Elastin

40
Q

Location of the interspinous ligaments

A

Between spinous processes

41
Q

Location of supraspinous ligament

A

Along tips of spinous processes

42
Q

What is ligamentum nuchae?

A

Thickening of supraspinous ligament

43
Q

Where is the ligamentum nuchae attached to?

A

Midline of external occipital protuberance
Spinous processes of all C vertebrae (ends at C7)

44
Q

Function of ligamentum nuchae

A

Maintains secondary curvature of cervical spine
Helps cervical spine support head
Major site of attachment of neck + trunk muscles

45
Q

Movements of cervical spine

A

Flexion 85°
Extension 70°
Rotation 80°
Lateral flexion 45°

46
Q

Where does nodding the head take place and how?

A

Flexion and extension
50% atlanto-occipital joint
50% facet joints between C vertebrae

47
Q

Where does shaking the head occur and how?

A

Rotation
50% atlanto-axial joint
50% facet joints of C vertebrae

48
Q

Describe the thoracic vertebrae

A

Heart shaped vertebral bodies
Small + circular vertebral foramen
Spinous process angled inferiorly
No transverse foramen

49
Q

Clinical relevance of small circular vertebral foramen in vertebral body

A

Increased likelihood of neurology in leg

Weakness + numbness

50
Q

Why does the thoracic vertebrae have limited flexibility?

A

Ribcage is connected

51
Q

List + describe the facets in the thoracic vertebrae

A

T2-T8 - demifacets on sides of vertebral bodies
T9-T10 - whole facets on sides of vertebral bodies
T11-T12 - whole facets on pedicles

52
Q

Which head of rib does the superior demifacet articulate?

A

Adjacent ribs
Vertebral number = rib number

e.g. T5 superior demifacet articulates 5th rib head

53
Q

Which head of rib does the inferior demifacet articulate?

A

Head of rib below
Vertebral number + 1 = rib number

e.g. T5 inferior demifacet articulates 6th rib

54
Q

What lies within the costal groove?

A

Neurovascular bundle

55
Q

Where does the neurovascular bundle of the rib lie?

A

The coastal groove
Below the rib

56
Q

Location of rib articulation with vertebra

A

Head with vertebral body
Neck with transverse process - NOT T11+T12

57
Q

Thoracic facet joint function
What does it permit and prevent?

A

Permits lateral flexion + rotation
Prevents flexion + extension

58
Q

Function of the ribcage + sternum

A

Provide stability
Protect heart, lungs, liver + other vital organs

59
Q

Function of T11+T12 ribs

A

Protection for kidneys posteriorly

60
Q

What protects the kidneys?

A

T11+T12 ribs

61
Q

Where do the ribs meet at?

A

1-7 attach to sternum
8-10 attach to costal cartilage
11-2 no attachment

62
Q

How does CSF appear in a T2 weighted MRI?

A

T2 weighted - fluid is bright

63
Q

Outline the attachment of the ribs

A
  • 1-7 attach to sternum via costal cartilages
  • 8-10 attach to costal cartilage of 7th rib
  • 11-12 are floating ribs

TRUE RIB: 7 letters > 1-7 true ribs
FLASE RIB: 8 letters > 8-10 false ribs
FLOATING RIB: 11 letters > 11-12 floating ribs

MSK (25 decks)

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