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Physiology > Ch 10 > Flashcards

Ch 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

-transduce (convert energy into a different form) different forms of energy in the “real world” into nerve impulses

  • different modalities of sensations (sound, light, pressure) arise from differences in neural pathways in CNS and synaptic connections
  • ->ex. optic nerve delivers an impulse: brain interprets it as light even though the impulse is the same as for hearing
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2
Q

What are the functional sensory receptors?

A

chemoreceptors
photoreceptors
thermoreceptors
mechanoreceptors

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3
Q

chemoreceptors

A

*functional sensory receptor

sense chemicals in environment (taste/smell) or blood

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4
Q

photoreceptors

A

*functional sensory receptor

sense light

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5
Q

thermoreceptors

A

*functional sensory receptor

respond to cold or heat

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6
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

*functional sensory receptor

stimulated by mechanical deformation of the receptor (touch, hearing)

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7
Q

What are the information sensory receptors?

A

proprioceptors
cutaneous
special senses

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8
Q

proprioceptors

A
  • information sensory receptor
  • found in muscles, tendons, and joints
  • provide a sense of body position and allows find muscle control
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9
Q

cutaneous skin receptors

A
  • information sensory receptor

- touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain

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10
Q

special sense receptors

A
  • information sensory receptor

- vision, hearing, taste, smell, equilibrium

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11
Q

What are the origin-named sensory receptors?

A

exteroceptors

interoceptors

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12
Q

exteroceptors

A
  • origin-named sensory receptor
  • respond to stimuli from OUTSIDE the body
  • inclues cutaneous receptors and special senses
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13
Q

interoceptors

A
  • origin-named sensory receptor
  • respond to INTERNAL stimuli
  • found in organs
  • monitor BP, pH, and oxygen concentrations
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14
Q

Phasic

A

*fast adapting
respond w/burst of activity when stimulus is first applied, but quickly adapt to stimulus by decreasing response
-sensory adaptation - cease to pay attention to constant stimuli (becomes new normal)
-ex. smell, touch, taste

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15
Q

Tonic

A

*slow adapting
maintain a high firing rate as long as stimulus is applied
-ex. pain

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16
Q

What sensory pathway does not go to the thalamus first?

A

olfactory

17
Q

Taste & Smell

A

Chemoreceptors

  • taste (gustation) responds to chemicals dissolved in food/drink
  • smell (olfaction) responds to chemical molecules from the air, olfaction increases gustation
18
Q

Gustation

A
  • receptors: taste buds
  • consists of 50-100 specialized epithelial cells w/long microvilli
  • each taste bud has taste cells sensitive to each taste (salty, sour, sweet, unami, bitter)
  • microvilli come in contact w/chemicals
  • cells behave like neurons by depolarizing and producing action potentials
  • cells release neurotransmitters onto sensory neurons
19
Q

Olfactory Receptors

A
  • bipolar neurons w/ciliated dendrites projecting into nasal cavity
  • proteins in cilia bind to odors
  • 380 genes code for 380 different olfactory receptors (complex)
  • one odorant molecule simulates one protein
20
Q

Vestibular Apparatus

A
  • provides sense of equilibrium
  • located in inner ear
  • consists of:
    1. Otolith Organs
  • utricle and saccule (linear acceleration)
    2. Semicircular Canals (rotational acceleration)
21
Q

Inner Ear

A
  • consists of bony labyrinth surrounding a membranous labyrinth
  • between two is fluid called perilymph
  • endolymph: fluid in membranous labyrinth, cilia are, high K concentration = depolarization
22
Q

perilymph

A

fluid between bony and membranous labyrinth

-needed b/c if it was up against bone we wouldn’t have flexibility to detect subtle movements

23
Q

Sensory Hair Cells

A
  • in endolymph
  • modified epithelial cells w/stereocilia and one kinocilium
  • fluid/sound wave movement bends hairs
  • when stereo cilia bend toward kinocilium, K channels open and K rushes in = depolarization
  • cells release neurotransmitter that depolarizes sensory dendrites in vestibulocochlear nerve
24
Q

Middle Ear

A

air-filled cavity between tympanic membrane and the cochlea

  • containes three bones called ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes
  • vibrations are transmitter/amplified along the bones
  • stapes is attached to oval window which transfers vibrations into cochlea
25
Q

Cochlea

A
  • hearing part of inner ear
  • fluid filled
  • Three chambers:
    1. Upper Chamber: portion of bony labyrinth called scala vesibuli (perilymph)
    2. Lower Bony Chamber: called scala tympani (perilymph)
    3. Cochlear Duct: contains a membranous labyrinth, called scala media (endolymph)
26
Q

Hearing

A
  • when sound waves enter scala media, the tectorial membrane vibrates, bending stereo cilia in hair cells of Organ of Corti
    1. opens K channels that are facing endolymph
    2. K rushes in (high on outside, backwards)
    3. releases glutamate onto sensory neurons
    4. K returns to perilymph at base of stereocilia
27
Q

Vision

A
  • comes from light energy transducer into nerve impulses

- only limited part of electromagnetic spectrum can excite photoreceptros

28
Q

Path of Light

A
  1. Light passes through the cornea
  2. enters into anterior chamber of eye
  3. passes through pupil: can change shape to allow more/less light in
  4. passes through lens, can change shape to focus image
  5. passes through posterior chamber and vitreous body
  6. lastly, hits retina: photoreceptors are found and absorbed by the pigmented choroid layer
29
Q

Pupil and Iris

A
  • iris can increase/decrease the diameter of pupil

- iris also has pigmented epithelium for eye color

30
Q

Pupil/Iris Constriction

A

contraction of circular muscles via parasympathetic stimulation

31
Q

Pupil/Iris Dilation

A

contraction of radial muscles via sympathetic stimulation

32
Q

Lens

A
  • composed of layers of living cells that are normally completely clear
  • avascular
  • cell metabolism in anaerobic
  • attached to muscles called ciliary bodies
  • suspended from suspensory ligaments
33
Q

Visual Fields

A
  • part of the external world projected onto retina

- right side projected onto left side of retina, vice versa

34
Q

Lens Accommodation

A
  • ability of the lens to keep an object focused on the retina as the distance between the eye and object moves
  • -> contraction= ciliary muscles causes lens to thicken/roundup (close vision)
  • -> relaxation= ciliary muscle causes lens to thin/flatten (distant vision)

-glasses: help focus light onto retina where photoreceptor cells are

35
Q

Retina

A
  • extension of the brain, neural layers ace outward toward incoming light
  • neuron axons in retina are gathered at a point called optic disc (blind spot) and exit as the optic nerve (blood vessels enter/leave here)
  • photoreceptors (rods and cones) are the inner layer (toward vitreous body)
  • ->these synapse on middle layer of bipolar cells, which synapse on the outer layer of ganglion cells
  • ->also horizontal cells and amacrine cells within the layers
36
Q

Rods

A

black and white vision in low light

-contain rhodopsin

37
Q

Cones

A

color vision an acute

-contain photopsin which vary depending upon cone

38
Q

Rods/Cones

A

outer segment: full flattened discs w/photopigment molecules

inner segment: contains the cell organelles

39
Q

Vision

A
  • dissociation of opsin closes Na channels
  • photorecptors are hyper polarized and inhibition on bipolar cells is lifted
  • bipolar cells activate ganglion cells that transmit action potentials to brain

Physiology (29 decks)

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