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MBC > CH 10 Neuro- Definitions > Flashcards

CH 10 Neuro- Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells

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2
Q

afferent nerve

A

af- toward/ferent-carry- towards brain- carries messages towards the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

middle/spider-like- middle layer of the three membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord. arachne means spider.

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4
Q

astrocyte

A

astro/star, cyte/cell- type of glial (neuroglial) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries in the nervous system

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5
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary- nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands and internal organs

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6
Q

axon

A

microscopic fiber that is part of a neuron and carries nervous impulses along a nerve cell

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7
Q

blood brain barrier (BBB)

A

protective separation between the blood and brain cells. this makes it difficult for substances such as anti cancer drugs to penetrate capillary walls to enter the brain

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8
Q

brainstem

A

posterior portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

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9
Q

cauda equina (horse tail)

A

collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord

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10
Q

cell body

A

part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus

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11
Q

central nervous system CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

cerebellum

A

posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance

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13
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer region of the brain containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain

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14
Q

cerebreospinal fluid

A

CSF- circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

cerebrum

A

voluntary- largest part of the brain- responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought and memory

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16
Q

cranial nerves

A

nerves carry messages to and from the brain to all parts of head and neck and also (in the case of the vagus nerve) to other parts of the body. there are 12 pairs of cranial nerves.

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17
Q

dendrite

A

miocroscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell (neuron) that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse

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18
Q

dura mater

A

hard mother- thich, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

efferent nerve

A

ef-away, ferent- carry- carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve.

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20
Q

ependymal cell

A

glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid

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21
Q

ganglion

A

collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

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22
Q

ganglia

A

plural; ganglion

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23
Q

glial cell (neuroglial cell)

A

supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses. examples are astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes. glial cells can reproduce themselves, as opposed to neurons

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24
Q

gyrus

A

sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex; convolution

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25
Q

gyri

A

plural; gyrus

26
Q

hypothalamus

A

portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland

27
Q

medulla oblongata

A

part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat, and the size of blood vessels; nerve fibers cross over here

28
Q

meninges

A

three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

29
Q

microglial cell

A

phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system

30
Q

midbrain

A

uppermost portion of the brainstem

31
Q

motor nerve

A

carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerve

32
Q

myelin sheath

A

covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell; myelin speeds impulse conduction along axons

33
Q

nerve

A

macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers (axons) that carry electrical impulses

34
Q

neuron

A

nerve cell that is necessary for impulses to be carried throughout the nervous system ; parenchyma of the nervous system

35
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell. it stimulates or inhibits another cell, which can be a nerve cell, muscle cell, or gland cell. examples of neurotransmitters are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin

36
Q

oligodendroglial cell

A

glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons. also called oligodendrocyte.

37
Q

parasympathetic nerves

A

involuntary autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the gastrointestinal tract

38
Q

parenchyma

A

essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system. the parenchyma of the nervous system includes the neurons and nerves that carry nervous impulses. parenchymal cells of the liver are hepatocytes, and parenchymal tissue of the kidney includes the nephrons, where urine is formed.

39
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves

40
Q

pia mater

A

delicate mother; thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges

41
Q

plexus

A

large, interlacing network of nerves. examples are lumbosacral, cervical, and brachial (brachi/o means arm) plexuses. the term originated from the indo-european “plek”, meaning to weave together

42
Q

plexuses

A

plural for plexus; more than one plexus

43
Q

pons

A

(bridge) part of the brain, anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain. it is a bridge connecting various parts of the brain.

44
Q

receptor

A

organ that receives and transmits a stimulus to sensory nerves. the skin, ears, eyes and taste buds are receptons

45
Q

sciatic nerve

A

nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot. sciatica is pain or inflammation along the course of the nerve.

46
Q

sensory nerve

A

carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from a receptor; afferent nerve

47
Q

spinal nerves

A

pairs of nerves, arising one on each side of the spinal column. they transmit messages to and from the sopinal cord.

48
Q

stimulus

A

agent of change in the internal or external environment that evokes a response. it may be light, sound, touch, pressure, or pain. plural; stimuli

49
Q

stroma

A

connective and supporting tissue of an organ. glial cells make up the stromal tissue of the brain.

50
Q

sulcus

A

depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure

51
Q

sulci

A

sulcus; plural

52
Q

sympathetic nerves

A

autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress

53
Q

synapse

A

a point of contact; space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells. from greek; synapsis

54
Q

thalamus

A

main relay center of the brain. it conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum; incoming sensory messages are relayed through the thalamus to appropriate centers in the cerebrum. latin thalamus means room. the romans, who named this structure, thought this part of the brain was hollow, like a little room.

55
Q

vagus nerve

A

tenth cranial nerve (cranial nerve x); it branches to reach the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach. latin vagus means “wandering” (think vagabond). unlike the other cranial nerves, the vagus leaves the head and wanders into abdominal and thoracic cavities.

56
Q

ventricles of the brain

A

canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid. ventricles are also found in the heart; they are two lower chambers of the heart

57
Q

epilepsis

A

laying hold of- overtaken by

58
Q

ictal/ictus

A

a blow or stroke

59
Q

dysarthric

A

to utter distinctly

60
Q

somnolent

A

sleepy

61
Q

lancinating

A

shooting; piercing; darting; stabbing pain

MBC (38 decks)

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