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SOC 101 > Ch. 10 - Social Stratification, Inequality, Poverty > Flashcards

Ch. 10 - Social Stratification, Inequality, Poverty Flashcards

1
Q

a subfield of sociology that examines inequalities among individuals and groups

A

social stratification

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2
Q

the unequal distribution of valued goods and opportunities in society

A

inequality

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3
Q

a social system that denies some individuals all basic rights, allowing these individuals to be owned, controlled, and compelled to work for others

A

slavery

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4
Q

a social order in which those who own land (landlords) are entitled to receive the products of the laborers (serfs) who are legally obligated to work for landowner

A

feudalism

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5
Q

under feudalism, a person who is legally obligated to work for the landowner

A

serf

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6
Q

a statistical term that refers to the average value of a set of data. Add all values and then divide the total by the number of values used

A

mean

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7
Q

a statistical term that refers to the value that lies at the middle (or waypoint) of all the data, with an equal number of cases with either higher or lower values

A

median

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8
Q

the receipt of money or goods over a particular accounting period (such as hourly, weekly, monthly, or yearly). Income may include wages from a job, benefits from a pension or government program, or income from investments.

A

income

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9
Q

the wealth of an individual or family is the net value of all assets owned by an individual or family, including the value of their home

A

wealth

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10
Q

the total value of savings, investments, and other convertible assets a person has, minus any debts, and excluding one’s primary home (if it is owned)

A

net financial assets (NFA)

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11
Q

the act of purchasing and using goods and services

A

consumption

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12
Q

a group of people who occupy the middle positions in terms of income and status in an economic system

A

middle class

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13
Q

the sociological concept that refers to a group of people who share a similar social and economic position in society

A

class

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14
Q

an individual’s long-term possibilities and potential, including future income and opportunities, given his or her current attributes such as level of education, social networks, and possession of marketable skills or assets. Members of the same class are generally said to have similar life chances.

A

life chances

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15
Q

the study of society focused on class or changes in the system of class inequality. Emphasis is placed on examining how, when, and where people’s actions and beliefs are influenced by their economic position

A

class analysis

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16
Q

the group in a capitalist economy who own businesses and employ people to work for them. This term is used in the Marxist tradition to refer to the most powerful class in a capitalist society

A

bourgeoisie

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17
Q

individuals in capitalist economies who work in exchange for pay. The term is usually reserved for people performing manual jobs and is synonymous with “working class”

A

proletariat

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18
Q

a broad definition of a person’s social class based on components such as education, income, and occupation

A

socioeconomic status (SES)

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19
Q

Given two people earning $10/hour, one person earning $15/hour, and two people earning $20/hour, what is the median pay rate being earned?

A

$15/hour

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20
Q

In Marxism, the distinction between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat was the defining quality of which of the following types of society?

A

capitalist

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21
Q

An individual’s assets make up __________.

A

his or her wealth

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22
Q

Which of the following best describes members of the same social class?

A

they have similar attitudes and behaviors

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23
Q

Many scholars believe that one of the best measures of _________ is to calculate __________.

A

income; the median

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24
Q

a society, organization, or group characterized by having little or very low levels of inequality

A

egalitarian

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25
Q

related to when people with less than a college degree have seen their earnings decline or have increasing trouble finding good jobs

A

college wage premium

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26
Q

a steady decline in industrial or manufacturing jobs

A

deindustrialization

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27
Q

the growing permeability of national borders and the increase in flows of goods, services, and people across national borders

A

globalization

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28
Q

a workplace that may be characterized by unsafe conditions, very low wages, and harsh working conditions

A

sweatshop

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29
Q

common in globalization, outsourcing refers to the contracting of parts of the production process to another party, possibly located abroad

A

outsourcing

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30
Q

changes in the way the economy, firms, and employment relations are organized

A

economic restructuring

31
Q

a tax system in which tax rates are higher on richer people than poorer people, with the idea being that it is fair to ask those who can afford to pay more to do so

A

progressive tax system

32
Q

established by law, minimum wage is the lowest hourly wage a worker can be paid

A

minimum wage

33
Q

Which of the following primary sources have researchers used to determine income since 1917?

A

tax returns

34
Q

The college wage premium will increase when technology advances __________.

A

faster than education

35
Q

Sonjia is 14 years old and lives in Mexico. She goes to work every day in a garment factory where she works 10-hour dys and earns approximately 60 cents per hour for her work. She gets one 20-minute, unpaid lunch break halfway through her shift and no work-related benefits. Which of the following best characterizes Sonjia’s work life?

A

sweatshop conditions

36
Q

It is well documented that many of the _________ can shield much, if not all, of their earnings from _________

A

“1 percent”; taxation

37
Q

Currently, federal minimum wage is how much per hour?

A

$7.25

38
Q

the ways in which inequality shapes the opportunities for children and young adults to maximize their potential

A

inequality of opportunity

39
Q

the movement of individuals from one social position into another

A

social mobility

40
Q

a society in which a person’s social position is determined by the family he or she is born into

A

caste society

41
Q

the existence of a relationship between two variables, where a change in one variable is related to a change in another variable

A

association

42
Q

a situation in which individuals are unable to move from one economic or social class into another

A

immobility

43
Q

the process through which employers identify and hire individuals to work under specified terms of employment

A

labor market

44
Q

In what way does a focus on exceptional individuals inaccurately portray the reality of social mobility?

A

It ignores the general patterns of mobility in the society

45
Q

The relationship between two variables that change together is called an

A

association

46
Q

Which of the following would be rewarded in a meritocracy?

A

a thorough education

47
Q

A caste society has an extreme amount of __________.

A

social immobility

48
Q

Andy and Isaac were born into the same middle-class family. Andy graduated from high school with average grades and decided two years after graduation to attend a technical school Along the way he worked in various food service jobs, but had a difficult time, even with his technical certification, finding a permanent full-time job as a young adult. Isaac graduated from the same high school in the top tier of his class. After graduation he attended a large university, later earned a master’s degree, and was very easily able to find permanent full-time work in his field as a young adult. From this scenario we can confidently conclude that these siblings _________.

A

have had very different labor market experiences

49
Q

established by the government, it is the minimum income necessary to afford basic necessities. Anyone below this threshold is considered to be in poverty

A

poverty line

50
Q

a measure of the minimum requirements needed for people to have basic standards of food, clothing, health, and shelter

A

absolute poverty

51
Q

used to define people as poor not by assessing whether their resources are sufficient to obtain basic social necessities but rather by comparing their incomes relative to other people in society

A

relative poverty

52
Q

people who do not make enough income to be free from poverty, even if they work full time

A

working poor

53
Q

an extreme form of poverty defined by lack of permanent shelter to live in

A

homelessness

54
Q

In what way is the official measurement of poverty in the United States problematic?

A

It does not account for differences across states

55
Q

The feminization of poverty draws attention to the difficulty in _________.

A

both caregiving and breadwinning for a family

56
Q

As determined ________ by the government, the minimum income necessary to afford basic necessities is the ________.

A

annually; poverty line

57
Q

How can poverty affect the neurobiology of children?

A

Stressors associated with living in poverty can hinder development

58
Q

Which of the following would be most likely to find themselves homeless at some point in their life in the United States?

A

Ronnie - a single-man with bipolar disorder and no college education

59
Q

Income, education, and occupation are the dimensions of _________.

A

socioeconomic status

60
Q

Which of the following is an asset of wealth?

A

real estate

61
Q

How was inequality most present in primitive hunting and gathering societies?

A

Only a small number of people had decision making power.

62
Q

How do families with modest incomes typically acquire wealth?

A

through home ownership

63
Q

Which job is most likely to be complemented by technological progress?

A

an executive-level job

64
Q

Who pays the highest tax rate in a properly functioning progressive tax system?

A

the upper class

65
Q

Between the 1960s and 2012, the top 1 percent of families in the United States earned _________,

A

more income

66
Q

Daniel is the CEO of a large financial company based New York City. He owns an apartment on Park Avenue. Daniel is most likely __________.

A

a member of the 1 percent

67
Q

Which of the following best characterizes the relationship between inequality and mobility?

A

More inequality indicates less mobility

68
Q

Sociologists stress that social mobility is an attribute of _________.

A

both individuals and society

69
Q

What association is attributed to a situation in which perfect social immobility exists?

A

1

70
Q

Adam was born into a poor family in Chicago. When he grows up he wants to be a doctor. How does the educational system affect the social mobility of a person from a poor family, like Adam, who wishes to become a doctor?

A

The educational system preserves privileged access to some positions, making success more difficult for those without economic privilege.

71
Q

It is possible that someone who is working poor also __________.

A

lives in relative poverty

72
Q

People __________ are most likely to live in poverty in the United States.

A

under the age of 18

73
Q

Which of the following groups conducts the annual survey of the homeless population in the United States?

A

The Department of Housing and Urban Development

SOC 101 (16 decks)

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