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Mental Health Nursing > Ch. 11 Complementary and Psychosocial Therapy (not on Test 2) > Flashcards

Ch. 11 Complementary and Psychosocial Therapy (not on Test 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Introduction

A
  • The connection between mind and body is well recognized
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2
Q

Allopathic Medicine

A

Traditional medicine practiced in the US is based on scientific methodology and is known as allopathic medicine. Allopathic medicine is basically poison.

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3
Q

Alternative medicine

A

Practices that differ from, and are used instead of, the traditional practices are known as alternative medicine

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4
Q

Complementary medicine

A

Practices that differ from, but used in conjuction with, traditional or conventional medical treatment are known as complementary medicine

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5
Q

The Office of Alternative Medicine

A
  • The OAM was established by the National Institutes of Health in 1991 to study nontraditional therapies and to evaluate their usefulness and effectiveness
  • The name has been changed to the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
  • Increasing numbers of thrid party payers are bowing to public pressure and including alternative therapies in their coverage
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6
Q

Intro to complementary medicine and therapies

A
  • Complementary medicine is viewed as holistic health care, which deals not only with the physical perspective, but also with the emotional and spiritual components of the individual
  • Most complementary therapies are not founded on scientific principle, but they have been shown to be effective in the treatment of certain disorders and merit further examination as a viable component of holistic health care
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7
Q

Herbal medicine complementary therapy

A
  • Virtually every culture in the world has relied on herbs and plants to treat illness
  • The US FDA classifies herbal remedies as dietary supplements or food additives; therefore, their labels cannot indicate medicinal uses, and they are not subject to FDA approval
  • The Commission E of the German Federal Health Agency has been researching and regulating the safety and efficacy of herbs and plant medicines in Germany
  • All of the Commission E monographs of herbal medicines have been translated into English
  • The fact that a substance is called “natural” doesn’t mean that it is necessarily completely safe
    • Some plants from which even prescription drugs are derived are highly toxic in their natural form
    • Because of lack of regulation and standardization, ingredients may be adulterated
    • Method of manufacture may alter potency
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8
Q

What are accupressure and acupuncture based on?

A
  • They are healing techniques based on the ancient philosophies of traditional Chinese medicine dating back to 3000 BC
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9
Q

What is the main concept of acupuncture and acupressure?

A

The main concept is that healing energy (qi) flows through the body along specific pathways called meridians. The meridians connect a series of acupoints. In acupressure therapy, the clinician applies pressure to these acupoints.

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10
Q

How does acupressure work?

A

Pressure to these acupoints is thought to dissolve any obstructions in the flow of healing energy (qi) and to restore the body to a healthier functioning

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11
Q

How does accupuncture work?

A

Hair thin, sterile, disposable, stainless steel needles are inserted into acupoints to dissolve the obstructions along the meridians

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12
Q

What is the Western medical philosophy regarding acupressure and acupuncture?

A

The Western medical philosophy regarding acupressure and acupuncture is that they stimulate the body’s own painkilling chemicals, the morphine-like substances known as endorphins

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13
Q

What can acupressure and acupuncture treat?

A

The treatment has been found to be effective in the treatment of asthma, headaches, dysmenorrhea, cervical pain, insomnia, anxiety, depression, substance abuse, stroke, rehabilitation, nausea of pregnancy, postoperative and chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting, tennis elbow, fibromyalgia, low back pain, and carpal tunnel syndrome

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14
Q

Diet and nutrition (complementary therapy) intro

A
  • Many diseases today are linked to poor nutritional habits
  • The USDA and US Dept. of Health and Human Services have collaborated on a set of guidelines to help individuals understand what types of foods to eat to promote health and to prevent disease
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15
Q

US Gov’t nutritional guidelines

A
  • Consume adequate nutrients within calorie needs
  • Maintain body weight in a healthy range
  • Engage in regular physical activity
  • Food groups to encourage- fruits, vegetables, whole grains, milk and milk products
  • Food groups to moderate- fats, salts, alcoholic beverages, refined carbohydrates
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16
Q

Most widely used form of alternative healing in US? When was it developed?

A

Chiropractice medicine; developed in 1800s

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17
Q

Theory behind chiropractic medicine

A

Theory behind this type of healing is that energy flows from the brain to all parts of the body through the spinal cord and spinal nerves; when vertebrae of the spinal column become displaced, they may press on a nerve and interfere with normal nerve transition

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18
Q

Subluxations and adjustments

A
  • Displacements of vertebrae are called subluxations, to restore normal function, the vertebrae are manipulated back into their normal positions
  • The manipulations are called adjustments
  • Adjustments are made by hand or facilitated by the use of special treatment tables
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19
Q

How can muscle relaxation be achieved?

A

With massage, application of heat or cold, or use of ulrasonographic treatments

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20
Q

What is the most common ailment individuals seek chiropractic treatment for? Others?

A

Most common is back pain. Others are headaches, neck injuries, scoliosis, carpal tunnel syndrome, respiratory and GI disorders, menstrual difficulties, allergies, sinusitis, and certain sports injuries

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21
Q

What states are chiropractors licensed to practice in?

A

all 50

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22
Q

When was therapeutic touch developed?

A

It was developed in the 1970s by Dolores Krieger, a nurse associated with the NY School of Nursing

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23
Q

What is therapeutic touch based on?

A

This therapy is based on the philosophy that the human body projects a field of energy around it; when this field is blocked, pain or illness occurs. Because TT is based on the premise that the energy field extends beyond the surface of the body, the practitioner need not actually touch the client’s skin.

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24
Q

How is TT used and how do they do it?

A
  • TT is used to correct the blockages and relieve the discomfort
  • Slow, rhythmic hand motions are swept over the entire body while the hands remain 2-4 inches from the skin; heat should be felt where the energy is blocked
  • The therapist “massages” the energy field in that area, smoothing it out and thus correcting the obstruction
    *
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25
Q

What is TT thought to do? How is it useful?

A
  • TT is thought to reduce pain and anxiety and promote relaxation and health maintenance
  • It has been useful in the treatment of chronic health conditions
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26
Q

What is the technique of massage?

A

Massage is the technique of manipulating the muscles and soft tissues of the body

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27
Q

How was massage first used?

A

It has been used by Chinese physicians for the treatment of disease for more than 5,000 years

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28
Q

What does the Eastern style of massage focus on?

A

The Eastern style focuses on balancing the body’s vital energy (qi) as it flows through pathways called meridians

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29
Q

What does the Western style of massage focus on?

A

This style affects muscles, connective tissues (tendons and ligaments), and the cardiovascular system

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30
Q

What techniques are used during massage?

A

A variety of gliding and kneading strokes, along with deep circular movements and vibrations, are used to relax the muscles, improve circulation, and increase mobility

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31
Q

What ailments is massage helpful for?

A

Massage is helpful in reducing anxiety and in relieving chronic back and neck pain, arthritis, sciatica, migraine headaches, muscle spasms, insomnia, pain of labor and delivery, stress related disorders, and whiplash

32
Q

What situations are massage contraindicated in?

A

HBP, acute infection, osteoporosis, phlebitits, skin conditions, varicose veins, and over the site of a recent injury, bruise or burn

33
Q

When was yoga developed?

A

It is thought to have been developed in India some 5,000 years ago

34
Q

What is the objective of yoga?

A

To integrate the physical, mental, and spiritual energies that enhance health and well being

35
Q

What is yoga helpful for?

A

It is helpful in relieving stress and in improving overall physical and psychological wellness

36
Q

What is yoga breathing?

A

Yoga breathing is a deep, diaphragmatic breathing that increases oxygen to the brain and body tissues, thereby easing stress and fatigue and boosting energy

37
Q

What is meditation used for?

A

Used to achieve a profound feeling of relaxation

38
Q

What does Western yoga use?

A

Uses body postures, along with meditation and breathing exercises, to achieve a balanced, disciplined workout that releases muscle tension, tones the internal organs, and energizes the mind, body, and spirit so that natural healing can occur

39
Q

Pet therapy evidence

A

Evidence has shown that animals can directly influence a person’s mental and physical well being

40
Q

Pets have been shown to:

A
  • Reduce the date rate from recurrence of heart attack
  • Lower BP, which can occur as a result of simply petting a dog or cat
  • Enhance mood and improve social interaction among nursing home clients
  • Diminish depression in individuals with AIDS
41
Q

Pets’ effect on aging process

A

Some researchers believe that animals may actually retard the aging process among those who live alove

42
Q

Individual psychotherapy- how does it take place? who is it performed by?

A

Takes place on a one on one basis. Usually performed by a psychiatrist, psychologist, advanced practice nurse, psychiatric social worker, or licensed mental health counselor.

43
Q

How does the therapist assist the client in individual psychotherapy?

A

Therapist assists the client to overcome behavioral symptoms or resolve interpersonal problems

44
Q

What is considered to be the foundation for individual psychotherapy?

A

Psychoanalysis

45
Q

Where did psychoanalysis originate?

A

Freud in the early 20th century

46
Q

What is the major goal of psychoanalysis?

A

For the client to gain insight and understanding about current relationships and behavior patterns by confronting unconscious conflicts that surface in the transference relationship with the analyst

47
Q

What is the lengthier and costlier type of treatment?

A

Psychoanalysis

48
Q

What are the techniques used in psychoanalysis?

A

Free association, dream analysis, hypnosis, catharsis

49
Q

What is interpersonal psychotherapy?

A

A time limited therapy with a specific focus, identified goals, and limited number of sessions

50
Q

What is interpersonal psychotherapy based on?

A

The premise that emotional disorders are correlated with difficulties in interpersonal relations

51
Q

What is the overall goal in interpersonal psychotherapy?

A

Improvement in current interpersonal skills

52
Q

What types of therapies does individual psychotherapy consist of?

A

Psychoanalysis, interpersonal psychotherapy, reality therapy

53
Q

What types of therapies does relaxation therapy consist of?

A

Deep breathing exercises, progessive relaxation exercises, meditation, mental imagery, biofeedback

54
Q

What is reality therapy based on? What does it postulate?

A
  • Based on the theory of personal control
  • Postulates that all individuals are responsible for what they choose to do
55
Q

What is the principle of reality therapy?

A

Includes the principle that human beings are born with five basic needs:

  • Power
  • Belonging
  • Freedom
  • Fun
  • Survival
56
Q

What is the emphasis on regarding time for reality therapy?

A

The here and now

57
Q

What does the therapist help the client deal with for reality therapy?

A

Therapist helps client deal with getting needs met in the present

58
Q

What concept is emphasized in reality therapy?

A

Responsibility

59
Q

What does reality therapy promote?

A

Promotes the conviction that although an individual is a product of the past, he or she need not continue as a victim

60
Q

What is the goal of relaxation therapy?

A

To reduce the stress response and counteract the physiological and behavioral manifestations of stress

61
Q

What are deep breathing exercises?

A

Tension is released when the lungs take in as much oxygen as possible

62
Q

What are progressive relaxation exercises?

A

Deep muscle relaxation is accomplished by tensing and relaxing groups of muscles

63
Q

What is the goal of meditation? How is the consciousness altered?

A

The goal is to gain mastery over attention. Consciousness is altered as the individual becomes preoccupied with a selected focus of attention.

64
Q

What is mental imagery?

A

Each individual uses own imagination as a frame of reference for decreasing the stress response

65
Q

What is biofeedback?

A

The use of instrumentation to become aware of processes in the body that usually go unnoticed and to help bring them under voluntary control

66
Q

What are patterns of responding regarding assertiveness?

A
  • Nonassertiveness
  • Assertiveness
  • Aggressiveness
  • Passive-aggressiveness
67
Q

What is nonassertiveness?

A

Pleasing others at the expense of denying own basic human rights

68
Q

What is assertiveness?

A

Standing up for one’s own rights while protecting the rights of others. It increases self esteem and the ability to develop satisfying interpersonal relationships.

69
Q

What is aggressiveness?

A

Defending one’s own rights by violating the basic rights of others

70
Q

What is passive-aggressiveness?

A

Defending one’s own rights by expressing resistance to social and occupational demands

71
Q

Assertive techniques are?

A
  • Standing up for one’s own basic human rights
  • Assuming responsibility for one’s own statements
  • Responding as a broken record
  • Agreeing assertively
  • Inquiring assertively
  • Shifting from content to process
  • Clouding/fogging
  • Defusing
  • Delaying assertively
  • Responding assertively with irony
72
Q

What is cognitive therapy for?

A

Commonly used in the treatment of mood disorders.

73
Q

What does cognitive therapy teach?

A

Teaches ways to control thought distortions that may be a factor in the development and maintenance of mood disorders

74
Q

What are goals of cognitive therapy?

A
  • To obtain symptom relief as quickly as possible
  • To assist the client in identifying dysfunctional patterns of thinking and behaving
  • To guide the client to evidence and logic that tests the validity of the dysfunctional thinking
75
Q

What does cognitive therapy focus on?

A

Changing “automatic thoughts” that occur spontaneously and contribute to the distorted affect

76
Q

What are the types of automatic thoughts?

A
  • Personalizing
  • All or nothing
  • Mind reading
  • Discounting positives/negatives

Mental Health Nursing (9 decks)

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