control center for body fxns
brain
part of PNS; arise directly from brain
cranial nerves
major regions of the brain
brainstem, cerebellum, cerebrum, diencephalon
parts of the brainstem?
medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
parts of the diencephalon?
thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus–pituitary gland, epithalamus–pineal gland
parts of the cerebrum?
hemispheres, basal ganglia, limbic system
vital nuclei of the medulla oblongata?
cardiac center, respiratory center
fxns of pyramids in medulla oblongata?
motor tracts for skeletal mm
fxns of olives in medulla oblongata?
balance & coordination, sound modulation
keeps brain alert and awake; loosely organized web of gray matter
reticular formation
relay center between cerebrum and cerebellum
pons
connection points
peduncles
the pons is the ______ center
sleep
aka mesencephalon
midbrain
tectum
roof
corpora quadrigemina consists of
superior colliculi (visual) and inferior colliculi (hearing)
descending nerve tracts
cerebral peduncles
ascending nerve tracts are located
tegmentum
unconscious regulation & coordination of motor activities
red nucleus
inhibitory motor center; degenerates in Parkinson disease; produce lots of dopamine
substantia nigra
fxns: somatic motor control, cardiovascular control, pain modulation, sleep & consciousness, habituation
reticular formation
when reticular formation doesn’t work and you fall asleep randomly
narcolepsy
BIG JOB of cerebellum
coordination of skeletal muscle contraction
folds of cerebellum
folia
tree of life (white matter)
arbor vitae
gross motor coordination bc it doesn’t take a lot of neurons to contract big muscle mvmts
vermis
fine motor contractions bc it takes lots of neurons to work all little muscles
two hemispheres
balance and eye mvmt
flocculomotor lobe
sits on top of brainstem
diencephalon
collection of nuclei that acts as a relay center of all sensory info besides smell
thalamus
thalamus is joined by
intermediate mass
3rd ventricle surrounds the
intermediate mass
involved in controlling motor function; right below thalamus
subthalamus
thin roof over third ventricle
epithalamus
pineal gland secretes and works closely with
melatonin and the reticular formation
fxn use as a landmark in CT scans
brain sand
relay from limbic system to midbrain
habenular nucleus
melatonin inhibits what hormones
GRH ; so no LH or FSH ; why kids don’t produce ovaries or testes
homeostatic control center that is also a collection of nuclei
hypothalamus
olfaction reflexes and emotional response to smell
mamillary bodies
pituitary is divided into
anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior (neurohypophysis) lobes
pituitary is connected to the thalamus via
infundibulum
anterior pituitary produces how many hormones
PRODUCES 6
posterior pituitary stores and releases how many hormones
STORES AND RELEASES 2 hypothalamic hormones
higher order thinking and personality
cerebrum
convolution
gyri
“sunk in” or depression
sulci
cognition, speech, motivation, mood, smell, voluntary motor control all comes from
frontal lobe
receives and interprets sensory input(except smell hearing and vision)
parietal
receives and interprets visual info
occipital
olfactory and auditory input, memory and learning, intuition, abstract thought
temporal
integration of taste hearing and visceral sensation
insula
outer gray matter of cerebrum; 40% mass of brain
cerebral cortex
receive sensory input and direct AP to pyramidal cells
stellate cells
output neurons
pyramidal cells
inner white matter of brain
cerebral medulla
three types of tracts
association: connect areas in same hemisphere
commissural: connects hemispheres aka corpus callosum
projection: connect cerebrum with other brain regions
distinct masses of soma in cerebrum, diencephalon, and midbrain
basal nuclei (basal ganglia)
influences emotions, motivation, mood, pain and pleasure
limbic system
mining’s of brain
dura mater: subdural space: serous fluid
arachnoid mater: subarachnoid space: CSF
pia mater
cavities lined by ependymal cells
ventricles
lateral ventricles are separated by the
septum pellucidum
3rd ventricle is associated with
diencephalon
4th ventricle is associated with
pons and medulla
purposes of CSF
buoyancy, protection, chemical stability
old oliver ogg traveled to africa for very good vacations and holidays
olfactory, optic, occulomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducen, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
olfactory
sensory; smell
optic
sensory; sight
oculomotor
motor; skeletal–4 extrinsic eye muscles and eyelid
smooth–iris and ciliary muscles
trochlear
motor; superior oblique
trigeminal
both; ophthalmic (upper face), maxillary (lower face), mandibular (lower face)
abducen
motor; lateral rectus
facial
both; sensory–taste; motor–facial muscles