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Flashcards in Ch 14 Deck (28)
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1
Q
Line of Defense
-First
(Barriers)
-Second
-Third
A
(First line of Defense)
– Physical or Anatomical Barriers
>>Skin and mucous membranes of
respiratory, urogenital, eyes,
and digestive tracts
-Mucous coat impedes attachment and entry of bacteria
- Nasal hair traps larger particles
*tears and skin
– Chemical Barriers
Lysozyme & Defensins -produced by saliva and tears
– Genetic Resistance

(Second line of Defense)
– protective cells and
fluids; inflammation, phagocytosis, INF, Complement
*WBC produced>inflamation occurs

(Third line of Defense)
– Third line of defense – acquired with exposure to
foreign substance; produces protective antibodies
and creates memory cells – specific disease
*Relies on lymphocytes (T,B) & antibodies

2
Q

How does inflammation occur

Why does inflammation occur

A
(HOW)
WBC's have Patter recognizing receptors (PRR)
-kinases
-lectins
-mannose-type molecule
-toll-like receptors

can recognize Pattern associated molecular patterns (PAMP)

3
Q

Nonspecific Diseases

A
  • Sebaceous secretions
  • Lysozyme, an enzyme that hydrolyzes the cell
    wall of bacteria, in tears
  • High lactic acid and electrolyte concentration in
    sweat
  • Skin’s acidic pH
  • Hydrochloric acid in stomach
  • Digestive juices and bile of intestines
  • Semen contains an antimicrobial chemical
  • Vagina has acidic pH
4
Q

Immune System
>Subdivisions(4)

immunology
-The study of the body’s
second and third lines of
defense

*Skin is The major organ in the body

A

-Large, complex, and diffuse network of cells
and fluids that penetrate into every organ
and tissue

  • Subdivisions of immune system:
    1. Reticuloendothelial system (RES)
    2. Extracellular fluid (ECF)
    3. Bloodstream
    4. Lymphatic system
5
Q

Functions of a healthy immune system(3)

self-normal cells of body
nonself-foreign material

A
Functions of a healthy immune system:
1. Surveillance of the body
2. Recognition of foreign
material
3. Destruction of entities
deemed to be foreign
6
Q

PAMP

A

-

7
Q

Reticuloendothelial System (RES)

Phagocytic cells – mononuclear phagocyte system

A
Network of connective tissue
fibers that interconnects
other cells and meshes with
the connective tissue
network surrounding organs
8
Q

Origin, Composition, and
Functions of the Blood

Whole blood-

Serum – is the liquid portion of the blood after a clot has
formed – minus clotting factors

Hemopoiesis – production of blood cells

A

(Whole blood)

  • plasma
  • blood cells/ formed elements

> > Plasma – 92% water, metabolic proteins, globulins,
clotting factors, hormones, and all other chemicals and
gases to support normal physiological functions

>>Blood cells – 
     -Stem cells – undifferentiated cells, precursor
of new blood cells
      -Leukocytes –
White blood cells
Granulocytes:  lobed nucleus
Agranulocytes: unlobed, rounded nucleus
      -Erythrocytes –develop from bone marrow stem cells, lose nucleus, simple biconcave sacs of hemoglobin
9
Q

leukocytes
-granulocytes
»Neutophil, Basophil, Acidophil

found in blood and tissues

  • *stimulated by
    1. Pathogen presence
    2. Damaged Host cells
    3. T lymphocytes
  • Secrete
A

(granulocytes)
>Neutrophils
-most common phagocyte
secrete: peroxide

> Basophil (mast cell in tissue)

  • rare in blood. ~~common in tissue as mast cell~~
    secrete: histamine
  • cause leaky capilaries–water out of blood vessels (Inflammation)

> Eosinophil

  • good at fightin eukaryotic pathogens~~(inhibit parasites-worms)
    secrete: histamine & peroxide
10
Q

Leukocytes
-agranulocytes
»>Lymphocytes
(Helper T cells, Cytotoxic T cell, Suppressor Tcells)

(B cells, Plasma cells)

(Natural Killer cells)

A
(T-Lymphocytes)
>Helper T cells (CD4)
---stimulate inflammation
---stimulate B cells
---stimulate Cytotoxic T cells

> Cytotoxic T cells
-directly destroy infected cells

> Suppressor/Regulatory T cells
-inhibit further immune response

(B-Lymphocytes)–>Plasma cell

  • make and secrete antibodies
  • inhibit pathogenic activity

(Natural Killer cells)

  • stimulate sick cells in body to preform apoptosis
  • activate w/o antigen
11
Q

Leukocytes
-agranulocytes
»>Antigen-presenting cells(APC)
(Dendritic cells)

(Macrophage)

A

(Dendritic cells)
-present things to Helper T cell
~~Activated immunity if T cell is Presented to Helper Tcells~~~

(Macrophage)
-engulf antibody encrusted pathogens

12
Q

Lymphatic system

A
1. Provides an auxiliary
route for return of
extracellular fluid to
the circulatory system
2. Acts as a drain-off
system for the
inflammatory response
3. Renders surveillance,
recognition, and
protection against
foreign material
13
Q

Lymphatic fluid

Lymph
a plasma-like liquid carried by
lymphatic circulation

A
  • Formed when blood components move out of
    blood vessels into extracellular spaces
  • Made up of water, dissolved salts, 2-5%
    proteins
  • Transports white blood cells, fats, cellular
    debris, and infectious agents
14
Q

Lymphatic Vessles

A

Lymphatic capillaries
permeate all parts of the body except the CNS, bone, placenta, and thymus
- Thin walls easily permeated by extracellular fluid which
is then moved through
contraction of skeletal
muscles

Functions to return lymph to circulation; flow is one direction
– toward the heart
– eventually returning to blood stream

15
Q

Lymphoid Organs and Tissues

A

(Primary lymphoid organs)

sites:
- Thymus
- Bone marrow

(Secondary lymphoid organs)
>circulatory-based locations
-Spleen
-Lymph nodes
>collections of cells distributed throughout body tissues
– skin and mucous
membranes
– SALT, GALT, MALT
16
Q

Lymphoid Organs

Primary:
-Thymus

Secondary:

  • Spleen
  • Lymph nodes
A

(Thymus)
located in the thoracic cavity
-high rate of growth and activity
»site of T-cell maturation

(Lymph nodes)
serves as a filter for lymph

(Spleen)
serves as a filter for blood
function:
move worn out rbc from circulation

(Assocated Lymphoid tissue)
>MALT
-
>SALT
-
>GALT
-Peyer's patch
17
Q

Secondary line of defense

A

– protective cells and
fluids; inflammation and phagocytosis – nonspecific disease
*WBC produced>inflamation occurs

18
Q

Actions of Secondary line of defense

A
Recognition
Inflammation
Phagocytosis
Interferon
Complement
19
Q

Inflammation-
Functions
Chemical Mediators(6)

A

(Inflammation)
-a reaction to any traumatic event in the tissues that restores homeostasis
»Functions:
1.mobilize & attract immune components to site of injury
2. set in motion mechanism to repair tissue damage
3.destroy and block microbes from further invasion

(Chemical Mediators)
-
-
-
-
-
-
20
Q

Major Events in Inflation(4)

A

Injury/Immediate Responses
Vascular Changes
Edema
Resolution/Scar formation

21
Q

Injury/Immediate Responses(4-5)

A
Rubor-redness
>inc circul&vasodilation
Calor-Warmth
>heat via increased blood flow
Tumor-Swelling
>edema, pus forms, prevents spread of infection
Dolor-Pain
>stimulation of nerve ends
LOSS OF FUNCTION
22
Q

Vascular Changes

Vasodilation

A

(Vasodilation)
-increase flow of blood into area
»Causes Rubor and Calor

23
Q

Edema

Exudate
(Edema)
(Diapedesis)
(Chemotaxis)

A

(exudate)
-fluid part that escapes into tissues. may contain RBC or pus
(edema)
-when accumulation of fluid gives rise to Swelling and Hardness

(Diapedesis)
-WBC migrate out of blood into tissue spaces

(Chemotaxis)

  • cells migrate in response to chemical stimulus released @site of injury
  • cells swarm to cell
24
Q

Fever
-Definition

  • Pyrogens
  • Phagocytosis
A

(Fever)
-an abnormality elevated body temperature

(Pyrogens)
-substance causing elevated body temp
>Exogenous pyrogens
-prod of infectious agents
>Endogenous pyrogens
-pyrogens released by macrophages,monocytes, neutrophils during phagocytosis
1. IL-2
2. TNF

(Phagocytosis)
1 Surveillance
2Engulf and eliminate
3Extract immunogenic information(antigen) from foreign

25
Q

Resolution/Scar formation

-Phagocytosis(5)

A

(Stages of Phagocytosis)

  1. chemotaxis
  2. ingestion
  3. phagolysome formation
  4. destruction
  5. elimination

(Chemotaxis)

  • cells migrate in response to chemical stimulus released @site of injury
  • cells swarm to cell

TLR hooks to PAMP and meets with 2nd TLR to encase the PAMP molecule
–stimulates intracellular process and release of chemical mediators
»Ingestion

(Phagolysome formation)
-lysomes fuse with phagosome
-antimicrobial chemicals go into Phagolysome
»Destruction of microbes

26
Q

Interferon

A

(Interferon)
-Small protein produced by certain WBCs and tissue cells

Interferon alpha – lymphocytes and macrophages
Interferon beta – fibroblasts and epithelial cells
Interferon gamma – T cells

27
Q

Complement Cascade

  • Classical
  • Lectin
  • Alternative
A

(Classical)
– activated by the presence of antibody bound to microorganism
(Lectin)
– nonspecific reaction of a host serum
(Alternative)
– begins when complement proteins bind to normal cell wall and surface components of microorganisms

28
Q

4 Stages of the Complement Cascade

  • Initiation
  • Amplification&cascade
  • Polymerization
  • Membrane attack
A

(Initiation)

(Amplification&cascade)

(Polymerization)

(Membrane attack)