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Flashcards in Ch 14 Deck (81)
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1
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • Largest area of the brain
  • characterized by gyri + sulci ( the more smooth=lower IQ)
  • allows for processing + motor functions
2
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • More compact

- contains 50% of neurons, yet one of the smallest parts of the brain(dense)

3
Q

3 Major portions of brain

A
  • cerebrum
  • cerebellum
  • brainstem
4
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

Cut of the brain. Left and right

5
Q

Gyri

A

Mountains

More surface area

6
Q

Sulci

A

Valleys.
More surface area
The more the more intelligence

7
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Thick bundle of white matter, lateralization. Thicker corp, better you can do it

8
Q

Grey matter

A

The seat of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses.

- unmyelinated so slower and continuous

9
Q

White matter

A

Bundle of axons

  • deeper and centralized in brain
  • higher adipose content
  • most of volume in cerebrum
10
Q

Brainstem

A

Most central region, allows for transport of material. Homeostatic(breathing,❤rate,sleep wake, thermo reg) and visceral(emotion) responses occur in brainstem.

11
Q

Blood is a source of..

A

Antibodies and macrophages (immunities), bacterial toxins, and other harmful agents

12
Q

Brain barrier system

A

Formed by astrocytes

-strictly regulates what substances can get from the bloodstream into the tissue fluid of the brain

13
Q

Blood barrier system is highly permeable to..

A
Good
-O2
-sugar
-CO2
Bad
-drugs, alcohol, caffeine, anestetics, cigs
14
Q

Blood barrier system is slightly permeable to..

A
  • Na
  • K
  • Ca

*too much salt cells trigger depolarization!!

15
Q

How much of the bodies ATP does the brain use?

A

20%

16
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Processing. Conscious, voluntary motor control. Ability to plan, memory, aggression,social awareness and judgement

17
Q

Parietal lobe

A

General sensory. Taste

Visions fine tuning (texture/additional processing)

18
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Primary vision/light center

19
Q

Temporal lobe

A
  • Hearing,learning,

- smell, memory, emotion, some vision aspects

20
Q

Insula

A

Hidden inside. Language center

Grants ability to understand spoken language.

21
Q

Why don’t we want antibodies +macrophages past the blood brain barrier ?

A

Autoimmunity-self cells are being attacked by own immune system. Don’t want to attack own body
Extra cells, heat, pain in your brain ( inflammation)
dont want inflation in the brain

22
Q

The diencephalon

A

Region above the midbrain/stem between the hemispheres of the cerebrum

23
Q

Three major derivatives of the diencephalon.. ( major control centers)

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • epithalamus
24
Q

Thalamus

A

-plays a key role in motor signals by relaying signals from cerebellum to cerebrum
-in center of brain
-works with other parts of brain. Make sure signals go to correct lobe
(Sorting hat in Harry potter)

25
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Major control center of autonomic and endocrine systems
  • producing hormones
  • works with pituitary gland to control hormones
  • regulate homeostatic process such as temp(thermo reg), ❤rate/bp, blood glucose levels
26
Q

Epithalamus

A
  • plays a big role in children
  • characterized by pineal gland
  • controls sleep and wake rythm
  • controls onset of puberty. Maturation is highly dependent of the epithalamus
27
Q

Basalnuclei

A

Emotional response.

( most noticeable bump of the thalamus

28
Q

Pons

A
  • plays key role in relaying signals from cerebellum to cerebrum. Nuclei concerned
  • sleep
  • respiration rate
  • posture
29
Q

Brainstems two major structures

A

Pons and medulla oblongata

30
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Receives and integrates signals from spinal cord. Contains

  • cardiac center(❤rate)
  • vasomotor center(dilation of blood vessels)
  • respiratory center(primary resp rate)
  • reflex centers(sneezing,coughing,choking)
31
Q

Reticular formation

A
  • brainstem to all regions of cerebrum, continuously shifting
  • loosely organized web of grey matter that runs through brainstem to cortex
32
Q

Control networks of reticular formation

A
  • somatic motor control
  • cardiovascular control
  • pain modulation
  • sleep and consciousness
  • habituation
33
Q

Somatic motor control

A

Every muscle contracting at same time to move the signal

34
Q

Cardiovascular control

A

Make sure medulla sends correct signal

35
Q

Pain modulation

A

Determines where the pain comes from

36
Q

Sleep and consciousness

A

PRIMARY ROLE, if any amt of these neurons are damaged you go into acoma

37
Q

Habituation

A

Ability to block out signals.

Ex. Have to go to bathroom then get distracted and forget

38
Q

The cerebellum

A
  • 2nd largest part of brain
  • right and left hem connected by vermis
  • contains 50% of neurons. Jam packed!
  • majority is grey matter
  • 10% is white matter( arbor vitae=fast)
39
Q

Cerebellar peduncles

A

3 pairs of stalks that connect the cerebellum to the brainstem
-consist of thick bundles of nerve fibers that carry signals to and from cerebellum

40
Q

Cerebellum functions

A

-monitors muscle contractions and aids in coordination (regulated)
-evaluation of sensory input➡ compare textures(rough vs smooth,3D ability)
-timekeeping center➡judge timing
-hearing➡primary hearing=temporal. Ability to interpret what we hear
-planning and scheduling tasks, judging time
-

41
Q

Lesions may result in…

A

Emotional over reactions and trouble with impulse control.

-works tightly with basal nuclei (governed in thalamus) ex. Impulse control at cerebellum

42
Q

Sleep occurs in cycles called…( events that reoccur about every 24 hrs)

A

Circadian rhythms , highest lows in day

43
Q

Sleep

A

Temporary state of unconsciousness from which one can awaken when stimulates

44
Q

While sleeping…

A

Higher brain function ( need more than one area of brain)

  • process in cerebrum
  • using whole braun
45
Q

Restorative effect

A

ATP stores so we have energy for next day (surplus)

We make our memories here

46
Q

Serotonin

A

A wake hormone, higher when wake up

47
Q

Melanonin

A

Sleep hormone. Increases 12-24 hrs after wake up

48
Q

Each sleep cycle is about..

A

20 min each and sequential

49
Q

Drowsy..

A

Metabolic rate still same

50
Q

Light sleep…

A

Metabolic, resp, ❤rate decreases

51
Q

Moderate sleep

A

Harder to wake , metabolic rates dropping ,

- twitches or “jump” while sleeping stars. Calcium flux in mhacles

52
Q

Deepest sleep

A

Metabolic ,❤,resp at lowest. Building of ATP

53
Q

REM sleep

A

Rapid eye movement, using ATP breaking up memories, splitting them up and store them somewhere else. Go back to stage one sleep. Brain consumes more O2 then when awake
- longer and most vivid dreams occur here

54
Q

Language

A

Process in grey matter
-most occurs in insula=understanding a spoken language
Includes the abil to read, write, speak, and understanding the words assigned to dif regions of he cerebral cortex

55
Q

Wernicke area

A

Recognition of spoken and written language. Learned grammar and compositjon

56
Q

Broca area

A

How do we talk-motor control associations with speech movement of tongue and mouth

57
Q

Affective language area

A

Lesions on insula affect area of Lang. Abil to express time of voice and emotion. Very large part of inaula

58
Q

Aprosody

A

Inability to mogulateour tone ( only one tone in voice)

59
Q

Brain must communicate with rest of body by

A

Cranial nerves

60
Q

Most of the input and output travels by way of the

A

Spinal cord

61
Q

12 paired of cranial nerves arise from

A

The base of the brain

62
Q

Cranial nerves lead to muscles and sense organs located mainly in the…

A

Head and beck

63
Q

Most motor fibers of the cranial nerves begin..

A

In the nuclei of brainstem and lead to glands and muscles

64
Q

Sensory fibers begin..

A

In receptors located mainly in head and neck and lead mainly to the brainstem

65
Q

Most cranial nerves carry..

A

Fibers between brainstem and ipsilateral receptors and wffectors

66
Q

Some cranial nerves are classified as..

A

Motor,sensory, mixed

67
Q

Sensory cranial nerves

A

I, II, VIII

68
Q

Motor cranial nerves…

A

(III,IV,VI,XI,XII)

Stimulate muscle but also contain fibers of proprioception

69
Q

Mixed cranial nerves

A

(V,VII,IX,X)

Sensory functions may be quite unrelated to their motor function

70
Q

Olfactory nerve I

A

Sensory nerve

Function=smell

71
Q

Optic nerve II

A

Sensory nerve

Function=vision

72
Q

Oculomotor nerve III

A

Motor nerve

Function=eye movemtn

73
Q

The trochlear nerve IV

A

Motor nerve

Function=eye movement, we can roll our eyes, lateral rotatikn

74
Q

The trigeminal nerve V

A

Largest cranial nerve
Mixed( sensory+motor)
Function=feeling in face

75
Q

Abducens nerve VI

A

Motor nerve

Function=stimulates eyes laterally ( so eyes don’t cross

76
Q

Facial nerve (VII)

A

Mixed (sensory+motor)
Function=
Motor-all of facial expressions
Sensory-taste glands sweet/salty

77
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve VIII

A

Sensory nerve
Function= balance vestibule
Hearing cochlear

78
Q

Glosskpharyngeal nerve IX

A
Mixed (sensory+motor)
Function=
Motor-pharynx (swallowing/deglutination)
(Swallowing+gagging,salivation)
Sensory-bitter/sour taste
79
Q

Vagus nerve X

A

Mixed(sensory+motor)
Function=
Motor-rate for our visceral organs

80
Q

Accessory nerve

A

Motor nerve

Function=head+neck

81
Q

Hypoglossal nerve XII

A

Motor nerve

Function= speech and digestion to chew. Mostly in tongue