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Class A&P > Ch 14: Digestive System > Flashcards

Ch 14: Digestive System Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

What is the GI tract flow?

A

Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine (Duodenum > Jejunum > Ileum)
Large Intestine [Colon] (Cecum > Transverse colon > Descending colon > Sigmoid colon)
Rectum
Anus

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2
Q

What is the GI tract?

A

Long tube that’s open at both ends for the transit of food during processing

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3
Q

What are accessories?

A

Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

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4
Q

What are the 4 digestive system functions?

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Defecation

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5
Q

What is ingestion?

A

Taking in food

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6
Q

What is digestion?

A

Breaking food into nutrient molecules

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7
Q

What is absorption?

A

Movement of nutrients into the blood stream

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8
Q

What is defacation?

A

Excrete to rid the body of indigestible waste

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9
Q

What are the 4 layers of the GI tract from inner most to outer most?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

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10
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

Serous membranes of abdominal cavity

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11
Q

What are the 3 peritonea?

A

Visceral peritoneum
Parietal peritoneum
Peritoneal cavity

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12
Q

Which peritoneum is this:
External surface of most digestive organs

A

Visceral peritoneum

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13
Q

Which peritoneum is this:
Lines body wall

A

Parietal peritoneum

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14
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A

Fluid filled space between the 2 peritonea

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15
Q

What is the name of the double layer of peritoneum?

A

Mesentery

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16
Q

What does the mesentery do?

A
  • Extends from body wall to digestive organs
  • Routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
  • Holds organs in place
  • Stores fat
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17
Q

What is this:

  • Collapsible, muscular tube
  • Posterior to the trachea
  • Passes through diaphragm to join stomach
  • Gastroesophageal sphincter
A

Esophagus

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18
Q

What does the Gastroesophageal sphincter do?

A

Prevents regurgitation of food from stomach

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19
Q

How many layers of smooth muscle does the stomach have?

A

3
Longitudinal, Circular, Oblique

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20
Q

What does the rugae do?

A

Expands to accommodate for food

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21
Q

What are these the functions of?

  1. Mixes saliva, food, and gastric juice to form chyme
  2. Secretes gastric juice: HCl, Pepsin, Intrinsic factor, Gastric lipase
  3. Reservoir for food before release into small intestine
  4. Secretes gastrin into the blood
A

Stomach

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22
Q

What is intrinsic factor required for?

A

Absorption of vitamin B12

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23
Q

What is the main hormone that regulates acid secretion in stomach?

A

Gastrin

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24
Q

What is the 1st layer of the stomach barrier?

A

Thick layer of bicarbonate - rich mucus

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25
What is the 2nd layer of the stomach barrier?
Tight junctions between epithelial cells (prevent juice seeping underneath tissue)
26
What is the 3rd layer of the stomach barrier?
Damaged epithelial cells are quickly replaced by division of stem cells (surface cells are replaced every 3-6 days)
27
What is gastrin activated by?
Vagus nerve Gastrin related peptide Peptides in stomach lumen
28
How is gastrin produced?
Released into blood until it reaches parietal cells
29
The small intestine is from what to what?
Pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve
30
What are the functions of the small intestine?
- Receive chyme - Absorb products of digestion - Transport residues to large intestine
31
What are the 3 types of villi
Brush border Goblet cells Intestinal glands
32
What do goblet cells secrete?
Mucous
33
What are the 2 plexus of the Enteric Nervous System?
Submucosal plexus Myenteric plexus
34
What's another name for the Submucosal plexus?
Plexus of Meissner
35
What does the Submucosal plexus (of meissner) control?
Local secretion, absorption and muscle movements
36
What's another name for the Myenteric plexus?
Plexus of Auerbach
37
What does the Myenteric plexus (of auerbach) do?
Increases tone of the gut and velocity and intensity of contractions
38
What are the 2 neural innervations of the gut - ANS?
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic
39
What is the increase of GI secretion / motility by increasing activity of ENS neurons?
Parasympathetic
40
What is the decrease in GI secretion / motility by inhibiting ENS neurons?
Sympathetic
41
What are the 4 regulating digestive activities?
1 Stimuli 2 Effectors 3 Neurons 4 Hormonal Controls
42
Which Regulating Digestive Activity is this: - Receptors in walls of GI tract - Stretch, osmolarity, pH, presence of substrate and end products of digestion
Stimuli
43
Which Regulating Digestive Activity is this: - Smooth muscle and glands - Stimulate smooth muscle to mix and move lumen contents - Activate or inhibit digestive glands that secrete digestive juices or hormones
Effectors
44
Which Regulating Digestive Activity is this: - Intrinsic controls: short reflexes (ENS) - Extrinsic controls: long reflexes (ANS) - Nervous system control
Neurons
45
Which regulating digestive activity is this: - Hormones from cells in stomach and small intestine - Stimulates target cells in same or different organs to secrete or contract
Hormonal Controls
46
What is segmentation?
Localized contractions Nonadjacent segments of the alimentary canal organs contract and relax
47
What is peristalsis?
Propulsive contractions Adjacent segments of the alimentary canal organs alternatively contract and relax
48
Secretion is stimulated by what?
Gastric juice Chyme and / or Distention of small intestine wall
49
Capillaries in the villi absorb what?
- Water - Monosaccharides - Electrolytes - Amino acids - Short chain fatty acids
50
What does the absorptive cell absorb?
Water
51
What is this: - Rectal wall distends - Stretch receptors send sensory nerve impulses to sacral spinal cord - Motor impulses to descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus - Longitudinal rectal muscles contract internal anal sphincter opens
Defecation Reflex
52
How many liters is Saliva?
1 liter
53
How many liters is Ingestion of liquids?
2.3 liters
54
How many liters is gastric juice?
2 Liters
55
How many liters is bile?
1 liter
56
How many liters is pancreatic juice?
2 liters
57
How many liters is intestinal juice?
1 liter
58
What's the total fluid balance of ingested and secreted?
9.3 Liters
59
How many liters of fluid balance is the small intestine?
8.3 liters
60
How many liters of fluid balance is the large intestine?
0.9 liters
61
What's the total of absorbed fluid balance?
9.2 liters
62
How many liters of fluid balance is ecreted in feces?
0.1 Liters
63
What does the pancreas produce?
Enzymes that digest carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids Sodium bicarbonate which buffers stomach acid
64
Pancreas empties its contents into what?
The duodenum
65
What does the pancreatic amylase break down?
Carbohydrates into disaccharides
66
What does the pancreatic lipase break down?
Triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids
67
What does the trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase (proteolytic enzymes) break down?
Proteins into peptides
68
What does the nuclease break down?
Nucleic acids into nucleotides
69
What does NaHCO3 neutralize?
Acidic chyme
70
What is this: - Metabolizes carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins - Stores glycogen - Filters blood - Removes toxins - Secretes bile
Liver
71
What is the portal circulation?
Artery -> Capillary -> Vein -> Capillary -> Vein
72
What is bile?
Emulsification of fats
73
What does gallbladder do?
Stores bile until needed
74
What does the Duodenal Hormone CCK do?
Triggers bile release

Class A&P (17 decks)

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