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Flashcards in Ch 15 Deck (29)
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1
Q

Autonomic tone

A

Normal background rate of activity represents the balance of the two systems according to the body’s changing needs

2
Q

Parasympathetic tone

A

At rest

  • Highly focused on urinary and digestive tracts
  • Maintaining smooth muscle contraction
  • stimulating cardiac muscles (70-80 bpm)
3
Q

Sympathetic tone

A

At rest maintain blood vessels dilation

4
Q

Parasympathetic releases the hormone

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

5
Q

Sympathetic releases the hormone..

A

norepinephrine (NE)

6
Q

Receptors are located on..

A

Target cells

7
Q

Automatic vs somatic

A

Uncontrolled(little conscious control) vs voluntary

8
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A
A motor nervous system that controls glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Self contained, don't need thought. All needed is visceral motor functions, descending tracts. 
-send signals to most visc organs 
-ignore sensory signals
-no conscious control
Brain➡medulla➡synapse➡visceral organs
9
Q

ANS is responsible for..

A

Maintaining the body’s homeostasis

10
Q

Visceral reflexes

A

Unconscious, automatic stereotyped responses to stimulation involving visceral receptors and effectors and somewhat slower responses.

11
Q

Visceral reflex arc

A

Receptors-detect stimuli(body temp). Stretch➡pressure on veins and arteries. Stretch of kidney,urinary system, stomach +trigger of digestion, blood chemicals(sugar,K,Na)
Afferent neurons-brain and spinal
Interneurons-determine how to respond
Efferent neurons-send response
Effectors- visceral organs than initiates a changr

12
Q

Two divisions innervate same target organ by preparing body for physical activity and they are…

A

Sympathetic and parasymp

13
Q

Sympathetic division

A

Prepares body for physical activity
Fight or flight response
-exercise, trauma, stress, anger, arousal
-⬆❤rate,⬆resp rate, dilate blood vessels, ⬆blood glucose levels for more energy,⬇digestion and urinary so more energy for ❤and resp

14
Q

Parasympathetic division

A
Calms many body functions reducing energy expenditure and assists in bodily maintenance. 
-rest and digest
-maintaining homeostasis
⬆Digestion ⬆urinary system
70-80 resting bpm
Lower ❤rate if too high
Turn urinary back on
15
Q

ACh is…

A

Secreted by all preganglionic neurons in both divisions and postganglionic parasympathetic neurons.

16
Q

Two types of cholinergic receptors. (Only ACh)

A

Muscarinic receptors- found on cardiac, glands + smooth muscle. ✳INHIBITORY✳(shuts down)
Nicotinic receptors-found near adrenal gland + on skeletal muscle
✳EXCITORY✳(increases)

17
Q

NE is secreted by

A

Nearly all sympathetic postganglionic neurons called adrenergic fibers

18
Q

Two types of NE receptors (adrenergic receptors)

A

Alpha-adrenergic receptors-
✳EXCITORY✳
❤, resp, blood vessels have a lot of alpha receptors
Beta-adrenergic receptors-
✳INHIBITORY✳
Digestive + urinary have a lot of beta receptors

19
Q

Autonomic effects on glandular secretion..

A

Are often an indirect result of their effect on blood vessels. Almost 100% dependent on blood flow.

  • vasodilation
  • vasoconstriction release less hormone
20
Q

Sympathetic effects tend to last long than..

A

Parasympathetic effects.
✳Takes longer for the breakdown of hormones
-half life of hormones. Amt of time it takes to get to 1/2 the total Amt

21
Q

Dual innervation

A

Most viscera receive nerve fibers from both parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions
-antagonist effect:oppose
-cooperative effect:work together, unified act
- both divisions do not normally innervate an organ equally.
Digestion-more para
❤Rate many more symp so raise quickly

22
Q

Antagonist effects of dual innervation

A

Oppose each other
-exerted through dual innervation of same effector cells
-exerted because each division innervate a different cells.
Symp-dilate cells +muscles of eye, survival advantage
Constricted my para

23
Q

Cooperative effects of dual innervation

A

When two divisions act on different effectors to produce a unified effect

  • symp produces mucus in stomach
  • parasym causes production of saliva from ACh being triggered
24
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Has an influence :anger,fear,anxiety. Emotions play huge role in ANS regulation. Powerful influence

25
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Major visceral motor control center. Hunger, thirst, sexdrive. Induce/regulate sympathetic division

26
Q

Midbrain,pons, and medulla oblongata

A

Basic homeostatic controls

✳Controls eye movement ✳

27
Q

Spinal cord reflexes

A

Urination+defecation. Signal for urination (stretch) is processed within spinal cord

28
Q

Neuropharmacology

A

Study of effects of drugs on the nervous system

29
Q

Sympathomimetics..

A

Enhance sympathetic activity

-stimulate receptors or increase norepinephrine