What are dermatomes?
–specific segment** of skin supplied by a single **pair of spinal nerves
** all spinal nerves except C1 innervate a segment of skin, so all nerves are associated w/ a dermatome–
the skin is divided into sensory segments that make up a dermatome map
Why are dermatomes clinically important? Dermatomes can indicate >>>
can indicate potential damage to one or more spinal nerves
Referred visceral pain
Pain or discomfort from one organ** is mistakenly referred to a **dermatome.
What is referred pain? Why is it clinically significant?
Referred pain, that is, pain perceived in an area other than that in which the noxious stimulation takes place, is very frequent in the clinical setting.
There are various forms of referred muscle pain from viscera and from somatic structures.
Referred pain is when the pain you feel in …
Example: Pancreas could be
Referred pain is when the pain you feel in one part of your body is actually caused by pain or injury in another part of your body.
For example, an injured pancreas** could be causing pain **in your back,** or a **heart attack** could be triggering **pain in your jaw.
16.1 a Describe the general function of sensory receptors (recipio = to receive) as transducers (trans = across, duco = to lead)
Sensory receptors convert or transduce stimulus energy to electrical energy
Two features are critical to allow sensory receptors to function as transducers:
- Sense receptors like neurons and muscle cells establish and maintain the resting membrane potential’s across their plasma membrane.
- Sensory receptors contain modality gated channel that opens in response to a stimulus at the plaza membrane.
The general function of all sensory receptors is to respond to a >>>
respond to a stimulus and initiate sensory input to the central nervous system (CNS).
W. 16.2b A person may feel pain along the medial side of the left arm when having a heart attack. This is known as
Referred pain
W. 16.7 As middle-aged person gets older, the lenses of their eyes no longer assume as round a shape when their ligaments slacken. This results in difficulty in
seeing nearby objects
W. 15.2a Which division functions to conserve energy and replenish the supply of nutrients?
A. Parasympathetic
B. Somatic
C. Sympathetic
A. Parasympathetic
W. Which division functions to increase alertness and direct bodily responses in stressful situations?
A. Parasympathetic
B. Sympathetic
Sympathetic
Which type of innervation causes the heart rate to increase?
A. Parasympathetic
B. Sympathetic
B. Sympathetic
We lack awareness of many of our bodies’ systems for maintaining homeostasis. The sensations, movements, and secretions of organs such as the heart and intestines are governed by the:
A. autonomic nervous system.
B. somatic nervous system.
autonomic nervous system.
The knee jerk reflex (when the quadriceps muscles contract after the patellar tendon is tapped) is the work of the:
A. autonomic nervous system.
B. somatic nervous system.
B. somatic nervous system.
Dual innervation means that an individual effector:
A. may be excited or inhibited by a single division of the autonomic nervous system.
B. receives input from both the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
C. receives input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
D. receives two autonomic axons on each smooth muscle cell
C. receives input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
Consider a basketball player whose heart is racing during the final moments of a game. With seconds on the clock, she makes a jump shot. Her excitement is a function of her ________ nervous system, and her movements are a function of her _______ nervous system.
A. parasympathetic, sympathetic
B. sympathetic, parasympathetic
C. somatic, sympathetic
D. sympathetic, somatic
E. somatic, parasympathetic
D. sympathetic, somatic
Which is not an effector innervated by the autonomic nervous system?
A. Cardiac muscle
B. Smooth muscle
C. Glands
D. Skeletal muscle
E. No exceptions; all are effectors of the autonomic nervous system
D. Skeletal muscle
The “fight-or-flight” system is the __________ nervous system.
A. parasympathetic
B. somatic
C. sympathetic
C. sympathetic
Which type of innervation causes reduced blood flow to the digestive tract?
A. Parasympathetic
B. Sympathetic
B. Sympathetic
Once inside the sympathetic trunk, the sympathetic preganglionic axons:
A. remain at the level of entry.
B. travel superiorly.
C. travel inferiorly.
D. follow any of the routes listed.
D. follow any of the routes listed.
The ANS functions independently of any influence from the CNS. T/F
False
The parasympathetic division of the ANS is also called the craniosacral division. T/F
True
The sympathetic division of the ANS is also called the thoracosacral division. T/F
False
The Golgi tendon reflex . . .
prevents skeletal muscles from tensing excessively.
The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain . . .
axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons.
Which is false regarding the somatic nervous system (SNS)?
The SNS is activated by visceral sensory neurons.
The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system . . .
contain autonomic ganglia to house ganglion neurons.
Which of the following is correct about the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
ANS is involuntary,
ANS motor innervate cardiac,
Smooth, and glands.
All answers.
All answers.
The simple knee-jerk reflex is an example of a(n) ________ reflex.
monosynaptic
The cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the:
posterior root ganglion.
The posterior ramus of a typical spinal nerve innervates the:
deep muscles of the back and the skin of the back.
A reflex arc in which both the receptor and effector organs of the reflex are on the same side of the spinal cord is:
If a patient experiences numbness in the boundaries of a dermatome, it is suggestive of damage to:
a spinal nerve.
Reflexes are described as:
rapid and involuntary.
The primary function of eyebrows is to:
prevent sweat from dripping into the open eye.
Which photoreceptor cells function in dim light?
Rods
Conscious awareness of incoming sensory information is called:
sensation.
A flattened lens?
Is necessary for distant vision
What inner ear structure detects acceleration and deceleration movements of the head?
Maculae
The lens of the eye flattens when?
Ciliary muscles relax
A reduction in sensitivity to a continually applied stimulus is called?
Adaptation
Changes in the external and internal environment are _______ that are detected by the sensory system.
Stimuli
If the receptive fields of the skin’s receptors were smaller, then?
Precision would be greater, but would need more receptors to monitor the environment for stimuli
High frequency sounds activate neurons within the cochlea that are?
Near the oval window at the base of the Cochlea
It may take nearly a half hour for rods of the retina to regenerate a full supply of photopigment during the process of?
Dark adaptation
After being funneled by the auricle, sounds waves pass (in sequence) through the?
External acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane, ossicles, and oval window
The function of the ossicles is to?
Amplify sounds waves and transmit them to the inner ear
The middle and the inner ear are housed within the _________ bone.
a) sphenoid
b) maxillary
c) frontal
d) occipital
e) temporal
e) temporal
In a common reflex arc, after a sensory nerve signal is processed by interneurons in the integration center, where does the signal go next?
Motor neuron
What is the extensive network of neurons and nerve networks located in the walls of the digestive tract known as?
enteric nervous system
The footplate of the stapes is?
Much smaller than the tympanic membrane and the ossicles therefore amplify sounds waves
A person having a heart attach may feel pain along the medial side of the left arm. This pain is known as?
Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system has:
a. more localized and long-lasting effects
b. more widespread and long-lasting effects
c. more localized and short-term effects
d. more widespread and short-term effects
more widespread and long-lasting effects
What is a dermatome? A dermatome is the
area of skin supplied with sensory innervation by a pair of spinal nerves.
What are dermatomes clinically important? Dermatomes are useful to help
localize neurologic levels, particularly in radiculopathy.
Pain that originates in one body part but is perceived as coming from another body part
referred pain
Referred pain usually originates from an _____ , and is perceived as coming from a ______ ?
Internal organ
surface body area
.
Which of these physiological changes would not be considered part of the sympathetic fight-or-flight response?
- increased heart rate
- increased sweating
- dilated pupils
- increased stomach motility
increased stomach motility
What function would most likely be affected by a restriction of a blood vessel in the cerebral cortex?
- language
- gait
- facial expressions
- knee-jerk reflex
language