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Class A&P > Ch 15: The Urinary System > Flashcards

Ch 15: The Urinary System Flashcards

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1
Q

Kidneys dispose of what waste products in urine?

A

Nitrogenous waste
Toxins
Drugs
Excess ions

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2
Q

Kidneys regulatory functions include?

A

Production of renin to maintain blood pressure
Production of EPO to stimulate rbc production
Conversion of vitamin D to its active form

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3
Q

What is the renal area an entrance for?

A

The renal artery, renal vein, ureter, nerves, lymphatics

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4
Q

What is the renal anatomy external layer (superficial to deep)?

A

Renal fascia
Adipose capsule
Renal capsule

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5
Q

What does the renal fascia anchor to?

A

Other structures

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6
Q

What does the adipose capsule do?

A

Protects and anchors

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7
Q

What is the internal renal anatomy?

A

Renal cortex - outer layer
Renal medulla - inner region
Renal pyramids
Renal columns - anchor to cortex

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8
Q

What is the path of urine drainage?

A

Collecting Duct > Papillary Duct > Minor Calyx > Major Calyx > Renal Pelvis > Ureter > Urinary Bladder

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9
Q

Kidneys are < than what percentage of total body mass?

A

0.5%

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10
Q

Kidneys receive what percentage of resting cardiac output?

A

20-25%

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11
Q

What is the blood flow?

A

Aorta > Renal Artery > Segmental Artery > Interlobar Artery > Arcuate Artery > Cortical Radiate Artery > Afferent Arteriole > Glomerulus > Efferent Arteriole > Peritubular Capillaries > Cortical Radiate Vein > Arcuate Vein > Interlobar Vein > Renal Vein > Inferior Vena Cava

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12
Q

What are nephrons?

A

Structural and functional units that form urine

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13
Q

How many nephrons are there per kidney?

A

1 million

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14
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the nephrons?

A

Renal corpuscle and Renal tubule

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15
Q

What is the 3 step urine formation?

A
  1. Filtration (Glomerular capillaries > Bowman’s Capsule)
  2. Reabsorption (Tubule > PT Capsule)
  3. Secretion (PT Capsule > Tubule)
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16
Q

What is the Glomerulus?

A

Tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium

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17
Q

What does the Glomerulus allow for?

A

Efficient filtration formation

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18
Q

What is another name for the Glomerular Capsule?

A

Bowman’s Capsule

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19
Q

What is the Bowman’s Capsule?

A

Cup-shaped, hollow structure surrounding glomerulus

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20
Q

What is the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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21
Q

What is the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule?

A

Branching epithelial podocytes
Foot processes that cling to basement membrane
Filtration slits between food processes

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22
Q

What is the renal tubule?

A

It extends from glomerular capsule to collecting duct

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23
Q

What are the subdivisions of the renal tubule in the Bowman’s Capsule?

A

Proximal convulated tubule
Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle) (descending limb and ascending limb)
Distal convulated tubule (collecting duct)

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24
Q

What are the 2 types of Nephrons?

A

Cortical Nephrons and Juxtamedullary Nephrons

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25
Which nephron is this: - 80-85% of nephrons - Renal corpuscle in outer portion of cortex - Short loops of Henle - Create urine with osmolarity similar to blood (300mOsm) - Peritubular Capillaries
Cortical Nephrons
26
Which nephron is this: - 20% of nephrons - Renal corpuscle deep in cortex - Long loops of Henle - Ascending limb has thick and thin regions - Enable kidney to secrete very concentrated urine - Receive blood from peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
Juxtamedullary Nephrons
27
What are the 2 types of Nephron Capillary Beds?
Glomerulus and Peritubular Capillaries
28
Peritubular capillaries: Low pressure, porous capillaries adapted for what?
Absorption of water and solutes
29
Peritubular Capillaries cling to what?
Adjacent renal tubules in cortex
30
What do the Peritubular Capillaries empty into?
Venules
31
Which urine formation process is this: - Filtration is a nonselective passive process - Water and solutes forced through glomerular capillary walls - Proteins and blood cells too large to pass through filtration membrane - Once in capsule, fluid is called filtrate - Filtrate will be formed as long as systemic blood pressure is normal - If arterial blood pressure is too low, filtrate formation stops
Glomerular Filtration
32
Filtration membrane allows molecules smaller than 3nm to pass, what are they?
Water Glucose Amino Acids Nitrogenous Waste
33
What do the plasma proteins that remain in blood in the filtration membrane do?
Maintain colloid osmotic pressure Prevent loss of all water to capsular space
34
Which urine formation process is this: - Peritubular capillaries reabsorb useful substances from renal tubules - Most reabsorption occurs in proximal convoluted tubule
Tubular Reabsorption
35
Which urine formation process is this: - From the blood of the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules (hydrogen, potassium ions, and creatine) - Materials left in the renal tubule move toward the ureter
Tubular secretion
36
What is tubular secretion important for?
- Getting rid of substances not already in the filtrate - Removing drugs and excess ions - Maintaining acid-base balance of blood
37
In 24 hours, about how many liters of urine are produced?
1.0 to 1.8 liters
38
Are urine and filtrate the same thing?
No they're different
39
Filtrate contains everything that blood plasma does, except for what?
Proteins
40
__________ is what remains after the filtrate has lost most of its water, nutrients, and necessary ions through reabsorption.
Urine
41
What does urine contain that isn't needed?
Nitrogenous wastes and substances
42
What are solutes normally found in urine?
Sodium and potassium ions Urea Uric Acid Creatinine Amino Acids Bicarbonate ions
43
What solutes are normally not found in urine?
Glucose (because it should be reabsorbed) Blood proteins RBCs WBCs Bile
44
Nitrogenous waste in the urea are a product of what?
Protein breakdown
45
Nitrogenous wastes in the uric acid are results from what?
Nucleic acid metabolism
46
What is this: - Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac posterior to pubic symphysis - Stores urine temporarily - Trigone - In males, prostate surrounds the neck of this - Detrusor muscle - Mucosa made of transitional epithelium - Walls are thick and folded in an empty one - Can expand significantly without increasing internal pressure
Urinary Bladder
47
What is a Trigone?
Triangular region of urinary bladder base based on 3 openings
48
What are the 3 openings in the trigone?
- 2 openings from the ureters (ureteral orifices) - 1 opening to the urethra (internal urethral orifice)
49
What is the detrusor muscle?
3 layers of smooth muscle collectively in the urinary bladder
50
What is the urethra?
Thin walled tube that carries urine from urinary bladder to outside of the body by peristalsis
51
What is the function of the Urethra?
Females: carries urine Males: Carries urine and sperm
52
The release of urine is controlled by what 2 sphincters?
Internal urethral sphincter External urethral sphincter
53
Which urethral sphincter is involuntary?
Internal urethral sphincter
54
Which urethral sphincter is voluntary?
External urethral sphincter
55
What are the kidneys role in blood composition?
- Excreting nitrogen containing wastes - Maintaining water balance of the blood - Maintaining electrolyte balance of the blood - Ensuring proper blood pH
56
Urine concentration varies with what?
ADH
57
High intake of fluid results in what?
Dilute urine of high volume
58
Low intake of fluid results in what?
Concentrated urine of low volume
59
What is the volume of total body water?
40 L 60% of body weight
60
What is the volume of Intracellular fluid (ICF) of the body?
25 L 40% of body weight
61
What is the volume of Interstitial Fluid (IF) of the body?
12 L 80% of ECF
62
What is the volume of plasma in the body?
3L 20% of ECF
63
What is the volume of Extracellular Fluid (ECF) in the body?
15L 20% of body weight
64
What is the average water intake per day?
Metabolism: 10% (250mL) Foods: 30% (750mL) Beverages: 60% (1500mL)
65
What is the average water output per day?
Feces: 4% (100mL) Sweat: 8% (200mL) Insensible losses via skin and lungs: 28% (700mL) Urine: 60% (1500mL)
66
REVIEW ANGIOTENSIN II FLOW CHART FROM CH 11 pt 4
67
What is obligatory water reabsorption?
Water follows the solutes that're reabsorbed 90%
68
What is facultative water reabsorption?
Water withdrawn from plasma filtrate Regulated by ADH 10%
69
Blood pH must remain between what?
7.35 and 7.45
70
What is Alkalosis?
pH above 7.45
71
What is Acidosis?
pH below 7.35
72
REVIEW RESPIRATORY BUFFER SYSTEM!!!!!!!!
73
When it comes to the renal buffer system, what happens when blood pH rises?
Bicarbonate ions are excreted Hydrogen ions are retained by the kidney tubules
74
When it comes to the renal buffer system, what happens when blood pH decreases?
Bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed Hydrogen ions are secreted
75
Urine pH varies from what?
4.5 to 8
76
What does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) do?
The presence of ADH, which makes the collecting duct permeable to water, and therefore allows for facultative water reabsorption

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