Ch 18 Elec Mech Flashcards
1
Q
Mechanical systems include . . .
A
Heating and cooling, plumbing, and fire protection.
2
Q
Electrical systems include . . .
A
Power, lighting, telephone, and other communication systems.
3
Q
The NCIDQ exam oftn refers to stairways as . . .
A
Vertical Transportation
4
Q
Although the interior designer is NOT responsible for designing or producing construction drawings for structural, mechanical, and electrical systems, he or she must know . . .
A
when and how to coordinate with consulting engineers, how to read consultants’ drawings, and how to make design decisions based on these systems.
5
Q
What are the two primary methods of heating and cooling use ___ or _____.
A
Air or Water
6
Q
What HVAC systems cool or heat spaces by conditioned air alone.
A
All-Air Systems
7
Q
How does an all-air HVAC system work?
A
Heat is transported to the space with supply and return air ducts.
8
Q
What is a common example of an all-air heating system and how does it work?
A
A residential forced hot air furnace - A boiler powered by oil or gas heats air that is distributed throughout the house in ductwork. Return air ducts in each room collect the cooled air and return it to the furnace for reheating. If necessary an A/C unit is connected to the same ductwork to provide cooled and dehumidified air.
9
Q
What types of HVAC units are used in commercial buildings?
A
Variable Air Volume (VAV), High-Velocity Dual Duct, Constant Volume w/ Reheat, and Multizone Systems. (All types require supply air ductwork, registers, and return air grilles in all spaces. Registers are connected to the supply air ductwork and can be adjusted control the direction of air flow and the volume of air coming through them).
10
Q
What is done when separate ductwork is not used for return air?
A
Grilles are placed in the suspended ceiling to collect return air. The mechanical system draws the return air back to a central collecting point where it is then returned through ducts to the building’s heating plant.
11
Q
Plenum
A
The space between the suspended ceiling and the structural floor above.
12
Q
What is required at fire-rated partitions that extend above the suspended ceiling?
A
Supply air ducts and openings for the return air must be provided. At the locations where the fire wall is penetrated, fire dampers are required that automatically close in the event of a fire.
13
Q
What is the benefit of supply air registers that are connected to flexible ducting?
A
This allows adjustability in the exact location of an air register if its location is in conflict with some other ceiling-mounted item.
14
Q
Return air grilles are generally NOT . . .
A
connected to ducts in commercial construction. This allows them to be relocated if overall circulation is maintained. THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER SHOULD BE CONSULTED TO DETERMINE HOW MUCH THE REGISTERS CAN BE MOVED.
15
Q
How do all-water heating systems work?
A
All-water heating systems use some type convector (coil unit in each space through which hot water is circulated). The hot water heats the fins of the coil units, and air is heated as it is drawn over the fins. The air may be circulated by CONVECTION, as with most baseboard residential fin-tube radiators, or by forced circulation created with a fan.
16
Q
Combination systems that used ductwork for supplying fresh air but used water to heat or cool the air before it is introduced into the conditioned space is a ___________ ___________ system
A
Terminal Reheat Systems
17
Q
Where are small ducts and plumbing pipes run in residential construction?
A
Within the walls and floor joists.
18
Q
How are horizontal ducts run in a house?
A
Below floor joists or in a dropped ceiling, or a furred down space may be built to conceal them.
19
Q
Where are horizontal ducts run in commercial construction?
A
In the plenum. Large ducts may occupy most of the vertical distance between the structure and the suspended ceiling. This may make it difficult/impossible to installed recessed light fixtures.
20
Q
Where are vertical ducts run in commercial construction?
A
Run within their own chases.
21
Q
What alternate fixtures to a standard line-voltage recessed downlight can be used when ducts take up all/most of the space in the plenum?
A
Low-voltage or low-clearance lights fixtures.
22
Q
Adjusts the quantity or temperature of air going into a space from the main air supply line(s), reduces the velocity of air, and attenuates noise.
A
Mixing Box
23
Q
A designer needs to consider the location of ____ ______ when planning the ceiling layout.
A
Mixing Boxes
24
Q
Lines from the _______ are connected to the mixing boxes.
A
Thermostats
25
With variable air volume systems, the VAV box . . .
varies the quantity of air. One duct leads in and one or several lead out and are attached to registers mounted in the ceiling.
26
Where is a VAV box typically placed?
Aboved the ceiling, within or near the space it serves.
27
How does the mixing box work with dual-duct systems?
The mixing box mixes cool and hot air, coming into it from two separate ducts, and distributes the mixed air to ducts serving individual rooms or spaces.
28
How does a terminal reheat system work?
The box contains a hot-water coil that provides additional heat to the air stream.
29
How can a terminal reheat system be identified?
These are easily identified by air ducts and copper pipes leading into them.
30
What must be done before locating light fixtures and other recessed items?
Verify the sizes and locations of ductwork, mixing boxed, and piping.
31
What is the BEST way to confirm the location of existing HVAC, plumbing, electrical, and fire protection, and why?
Onsite viewing of the space above the ceiling is the best way to confirm the locations. This is because actual construction seldom exactly follows the drawings.
32
WHAT must be discussed with WHO if the relocation of HVAC equipment or piping is contemplated?
The cost, time, and heating and cooling implications should be discussed with the mechanical engineer, contractor, and client.
33
What is an access floor?
A false floor of individual panels raised above the structural floor with pedestals. It is most commonly used to run electrical, communication, and computer wiring, It can also be used for some types of HVAC ductwork that serves individual workstations.
34
A steel framework that is bolted to the floor inside a pipe chase and carried the weight of wall-hung toilets.
Toilet Carrier
35
Chase Wall
A deeper wall in which larger pipes are run. The wall consists of two runs of studs separated by several inches, the exact dimension being determined by the largest pipe or duct that has to be concealed. Only the finish side of each run of studs is covered with GWB. Chase walls are commonly used between back-to-back commercial toilet rooms where extensive plumbing work and toilet carriers are required.
36
What does the code prohibit when the plenum is used as a return air space?
The use of combustible materials (e.g. wood or exposed wire) within the space. If required by the AHJ, fire-rated DIVIDERS must be installed to limit the spread of fire and smoke horizontally. Normally, such dividers are simply an extension of a fire-rated partition.
37
How is wiring run in a return air space plenum?
Either use plenum-rated (e.g. Teflon coated) telephone and communication wiring or run the wires in steel conduits.
38
Code requires access to these items . . .
Valves, fire dampers, heating coils, mechanical equipment, electrical junction boxes, communication junction boxes, and similar devices. If these components are located above a suspended ceiling, access is provided by removing a ceiling tile. In locations such as a GWB ceiling, access doors are required for anything that might need to be inspected, adjusted, or repaired.
39
Access Doors
Small steel doors with frames that are opened by using a thumb turn or a key. They are available as a fire-rated assembly.
40
What determines the location of thermostats?
By the mechanical engineer so they are away from exterior walls, heat sources, or other areas that may adversely affect their operation.
41
At what height are thermostats usually mounted?
48" above the floor, but this must be coordinated with light switches and other nearby wall-mounted control devices. It also must be coordinated with the max. allowable reach distances for ADA, which may lower the heights to 44" for an obstructed forward reach.
42
Who should coordinate the locations of supply air diffusers and return air grilles with other ceiling items such as lights, sprinkler heads, smoke detectors, speakers, etc.?
Interior Designer (however the mechanical engineer must be consulted to verify that the desired types and locations of supply air and return air devices to not adversely affect the operation of the HVAC system).
43
In commercial construction, there should be at least ___ inches between the glass and any window covering to avoid excessive heat buildup, which might cause the glass to crack or break.
2"
44
What is the minimum clearance between the sill with an HVAC supply and the bottom of a window covering?
1-1/2"
45
What is the minimum clearance from the edge of the mullion to the window covering?
1-1/2"
46
What is the minimum clearance from the header to the top of the window covering?
1-1/2"
47
What affect do window coverings have the HVAC of a space?
They can affect the heating and cooling load in a space and may interfere with supply air diffusers or other heating units near the window.
48
What must the designer do to verify the window coverings do not affect the HVAC?
The designer should have the mechanical engineer or architect check the designer's proposed type, size, and mounting to verify that they will not create a problem with the HVAC system.
49
What must be done with HVAC when remodeling or adding on to a residence?
The existing locations of ductwork and registers may not work if remodeling is extensive, and a mechanical contractor or engineer should be consulted to determine if the existing furnace has adequate capacity to change or add onto a residence, and also to determine how ducts and registers may need to be relocated, if necessary.
50
In commercial construction, most HVAC systems are designed to work independently of . . .
partition relocation and furniture placement. However, in some cases HVAC zones are designed for one layout and may not work with the desired zoning of a new plan.
51
What must the interior designer consider in regards to furniture placement?
The designer may want to consider the locations of floor registers, fin-tube baseboard radiators, and other equipment as they affect the placement of furniture and built-in woodwork.
52
Mechanical and electrical services often pose problems with maintaining ______ ________, especially in offices spaces where ducts, convectors, and piping run continuously along an exterior wall while partitions intersect the exterior wall at regular intervals.
Acoustic Separation
53
Where may special detailing or construction be required to maintain acoustical separation?
Special detailing or construction may be required to create a continuous sound seal around the floor, around the ceiling, above the ceiling, and along the perimeter walls. For example, the cracks between the wallboard and all pipe and duct penetrations must be sealed with acoustic sealant.
54
What acoustical problem can occur at walls that intersect exterior walls with convectors running near the floor and how can the problem be corrected?
The openings in the convector allow warm air to circulate and allows sound to penetrate and travel inside the convector, past the partition, and out the openings on the other side. The convector must be modified in some way to prevent this, either by cutting the convector and piping (DIFFICULT, EXPENSIVE OPTION) or be sealing inside the convector while still allowing the hot water pipe to run continuously.
55
Diffusers that can be used when appearance of the air distribution device needs to be minimized or when the available space does not allow a square diffuser.
.Slot Air Diffusers
They are long and narrow and contain from two to eight slots, resulting in a finished opening of about 3 in. to 8 in. in width. They can be used for either supply or return air. There is a box above the slots that is as long as the slots. Air is supplied by a flexible round duct attached to the side of the box. Slot air diffusers are available for either suspended or GWB/plaster ceilings. They are usually used with GWB ceilings to provide a trim, unobtrusive method of distributing air
56
Where are 1 ft or 2 ft square diffusers commonly used, and why?
They use used in suspended acoustical ceilings because they fit within standard ceiling grids, and are easy to install and inexpensive.
57
What steps can the interior designer take to minimize the energy use and improv IAQ?
The designer may plan a space to utilize daylighting as much as possible or may propose to use a displacement ventilation system.
58
Why must interior designers be able to read the basics of HVAC plans?
So they can review drawings to verify existing conditions and coordinate the interior design work with the mechanical engineer's work.
59
HVAC drawings normally are drawing with a ____ _______ representing piping and ductwork.
Single Line
60
Ducts are indicated with a line and a number such as 18 x 12. The first number indicates the ____ of the duct in inches, and the second number indicates its ______ in inches.
Width; Height
61
What do electrical systems include?
Power for lighting, convenience outlets, and fixed equipment.
62
What does the electrical contractor or engineer design and specify?
Exact types of circuiting, wire sizes, and other technical aspects of the electrical systems.
63
What is the interior designer responsible for schematically showing in regards to electric?
The desired locations of outlets and switches, where power is required for special built-in equipment, and the appearance of cover plates and other visible electrical devices.
64
The interior designer should be familiar with the rudiments of . . .
power supply.
65
___________ supply power throughout a building and extend from circuits breaker boxes to the individual switches, lights, and outlets.
Conductors
66
Nonmetallic (NM) Sheathed Cable (trade name Romex)
A type of conductor that consists of two or more plastic-insulated conductors and ground wire surrounded by a moisture-resistant plastic jacket. This type of cable can be used in WOOD STUD RESIDENTIAL buildings and buildings not exceeding three floors, as long as it is used with wood studs and protected from damage by being concealed behind walls and ceilings.
67
Flexible Metal-Clad Cable, or Armour Cable (AC) (Trade name BX, sometimes called "flex")
Type of conductor that consists of two or more plastic-insulated conductors encased in a continuous spiral-wound strip of steel tape. It is used in remodeling work because it can be PULLED THROUGH EXISTING SPACES WITHIN A BUILDING. It is also used to connect commercial light fixtures so they can be relocated in a suspended ceiling.
68
A thin, flat, protected wire that can be laid under carpet without protruding. Cable for both 120 V circuits and telephone lines is available, but it must be used with carpet tiles so that it is readily accessible.
Under-Carpet Wiring
69
Steel or approved plastic boxes to which the conduit or other cable system is attached. For single switches and duplex outlets, they measure about 2" x 4". Larger boxes are 4" square, and several can be connected if there are more than two switches or two duplex outlets.
Junction Boxes
70
When are conductors required to run through metal conduit (or other approved carriers) and why?
For commercial construction and large multifamily residential constructio, individual plastic-insulated conductors must be placed in metal conduit (or other approved carriers). Conduit supports and protects the wiring, serves as a system ground, and protects the surrounding construction from fire if the wire overheats or shorts.
71
Where are junction boxes required?
Outlets and other types of connections to the power supply must be made in junction boxes. They are also required where light fixtures are connected to the electrical system.
72
Special power outlets that must be placed on their own circuit. They prevent various types of electrical interference from disturbing sensitive electrical equipment (computers) connected to them. There circuits should be clearly differentiated on the plan, and the exact electrical requirements of the equipment should be given to the electrical engineer. Circuits that require voltages greater than 120 V must also be identified. These include outlets for ELECTRIC RANGES, DRYERS, COPIERS, and other special equipment.
Dedicated Circuits
73
What is the maximum spacing for residential outlets by code?
Outlets must be spaced no more than 12 ft apart, and there must be a duplex outlet on each wall surface where furniture might be placed so lamp cords and the like do not have to be stretched across door openings.
74
What are three types of protection provided in electrical wiring?
Circuit breakers, grounding, and ground fault circuit interrupters.
75
A separate wire in addition to the two that provide power.
Grounding
The grounding of an electrical system prevents a dangerous shock if someone touches an appliance with a short circuit and simultaneously touches a ground path such as a water pipe. The ground provides a path for the fault.
76
If the circuit is overloaded, the ____ _______ trip off in the panel box.
Circuit Breakers
77
Devices that detect small current leaks and disconnect the power to the circuit or appliance. GFIs can be part of a circuit breaker or installed as an outlet.
Ground Fault Interrupters (GFIs)
78
What problems can a ground fault create?
The current required to trip a circuit breaker is high and small leaks of current can continue unnoticed until someone received a dangerous shock or a fire develops.
79
Where are GFIs required?
For outdoor outlets and in bathrooms, kitchens, and basements, as well as other locations specified in the National Electrical Code.
80
What plan are telephone and communication systems usually shown?
Same plan as the power outlets.
81
What is the interior designer responsible for showing in regard to the telephone and communication systems plan?
The designer is responsible for showing the locations of items like telephones, intercommunication systems, P.A. speakers, buzzers, and computer terminals. *As with power outlets, the actual circuiting, wire sizes, and connections to central equipment are usually determined by the electrical engineer or the contractor responsible for installing the equipment.
82
Telephone and communication systems are __-______ systems.
Low-Voltage
83
How are telephone and communication systems typically installed?
An outlet box is provided at the connection in the wall, and the wire is run within the walls and ceiling spaces without conduit.
84
Because telephone and communication systems are low-voltage . . .
the requirements for conduit and other protection are not quite as stringent as for high-voltage power. Although, some commercial construction requires that all cable be protected in conduit to avoid having it catch fire or release toxic fumes in case of a fire. Special plenum-rated cable is available that does not require conduit, but it is more expensive than standard cable.
85
What plan would the interior designer locate electrical, telephone and communication outlets on for residential construction?
Construction Floor Plan
86
What plan would the interior designer locate electrical, telephone and communication outlets on for commercial construction?
Power Plan
87
What does the designer show on the power plan besides the outlets?
Exact dimensions if outlet locations are critical.
88
What plan can outlets be shown on besides the construction (residential) and power (commercial) plans?
Furniture plan, because they most often directly relate to the placement of desks, seating groups, and other furniture. The power plans developed by the interior designer are used by the electrical engineer to draw the electrical plan.
89
What does the electrical plan include? Who is responsible for this drawing?
The electrical engineer creates the electrical plan, which includes all the detailed information such as circuiting, wire size, conduit size, panel boxes, and other data required by the electrical contractor.
90
What are interior designers often required to do with plumbing fixtures?
Locate plumbing fixtures in new construction and remodeling work.
91
What is something the interior designer must know regarding plumbing? Why?
Because plumbing is such a significant cost and can impose limitations on space planning, the designer should have a good understanding of plumbing basics and how to coordinate the design with existing building services.
92
What are the two major components of plumbing?
Water Supply (cold & hot) & Drainage
93
In all plumbing installations, water is supplied under . . .
pressure to individual plumbing fixtures.
94
What are plumbing SUPPLY lines easy to locate in walls and ceilings?
Because supply water is supplied under pressure, and because the pipes are generally small, it is easy to locate pipes in wall and ceiling cavities, even if it is some distance from the main source of water.
95
Drainage systems work by _______.
Gravity
96
Located at every fixture and are designed to catch and hold a quantity of water to provide a seal that prevents gases from the sewage system from entering the building.
Trap
Traps are connected to the actual drainage piping, but they must also be connected to vents. From the trap, sewage travels in fixture branch lines to a vertical stack
97
What is required of drainage piping?
The drainage piping must be sloped down to carry waste water away. Also, vent pipes are required.
98
Pipes connected to the drainage system at various locations, open to outside air, and designed to serve two purposes: (1) Allow built-up sewer gases to escape instead of bubbling through the water in the trap. (2) They allow pressure in the system to equalize so discharging waste does not create a siphon that would drain the water out of the traps.
Vents
99
Where are traps NOT installed?
Traps are not installed at fixtures that have traps as integral parts of their design, such as toilets, and where two or three adjacent fixtures are connected, such as a double kitchen sink.
100
Soil Stack
Vertical stack that carried human waste.
101
Waste Stack
Vertical stack that carries non-human waste.
102
What two ways are vents from individual fixtures connected above the fixtures?
(1) If a vent connects to a soil or waste stack above the highest fixture in the system, the portion of the stack above this point is a STACK VENT, which extends through the roof. (2) In multi-story buildings, a separate pipe is used for venting. This is called a VENT STACK and either extends through the roof or connects with the stack vent above the highest fixture.
103
Where should plumbing fixtures be located and why?
Locate plumbing fixtures close to existing plumbing lines (horizontal lines or vertical risers) because of the cost of plumbing and the necessity of sloping drainage pipes.
104
Drains must be sloped a minimum of . . .
1/4 in/ft (For pipes over 3", 1/8 in/ft.)
105
What happens if a pipe must be concealed within a floor space?
The slope and size of the pipe will limit the distance from the fixture to a connection with a riser.
106
In commercial buildings, where is most plumbing concentrated?
Near the core. From this area, it serves the toilet rooms, water fountains, and similar facilities.
107
What must be used when providing water service to sinks, private toilets, and the like in commercial buildings?
Wet Columns
108
Wet Columns
Areas, usually at a structural column location, where hot and cold supply and drainage risers are located. Individual tenants can easily tap into these lines.
109
How much space do toilet soil stacks require?
Soil stacks from toilets require 4" diameter pipes that have an actual outside diameter somewhat larger than 4". In this case, plumbing chases are required. These are constructed with two sets of studs with spacing between that is large enough for the pipes.
110
Who drafts the plumbing plans?
The mechanical engineer.
111
What is represented on the plumbing plans?
Piping and other components with single line diagrams and standard drafting symbols.
112
What are the three major objectives of fire protection and life safety?
(1) Protection of LIFE (2) Protection of PROPERTY (3) The restoration and continued use of the building after a fire.
113
What is another objective of life safety besides the three major concerns?
The protection of people during emergencies other than fire, such as earthquakes, floods, terrorist threats, and similar disasters.
114
List 5 goals for fire protection in a building . . . .
(1) Preventing Fires (2) Early Fire Detection and Alarm (3) Providing for quick exiting of building occupants (4) Containing the fire (5) Suppressing the fire
115
Fire prevention includes . . .
limiting the products of combustion and other hazardous situations that could lead to starting a fire.
116
Why are fire detection systems and alarms critical?
To provide sufficient warning for occupants to leave the building and to firefighters so that extinguishing efforts can begin before the fire spreads.
117
How is fire containment achieved?
Through building materials, compartmentation, and smoke control.
118
How is fire suppression achieved?
Through fire detection and alarm, sprinkler systems, standpipes, and other methods.
119
Compartmentation
A critical concept in fire and life safety. The basic idea is to contain a fire and limit spread, both to allow occupants to escape and to protect other parts of the building that are not initially subject to the fire. In high-rise buildings, where it may not be practical to evacuate the building immediately, compartmentation can provide places of refuge where occupants can wait until the fire is extinguished or until they can exit safely. Compartmentation provides time for fire suppression, either by automatic sprinklers or by firefighters. Compartmentation has been integeral to building codes for a long time.
120
Where do codes require fire separations?
Between different occupancies, between use areas and exits, and between parts of a building when the maximum allowable area is exceeded. Separation is required both vertically and horizontally. Any openings in fire assemblies require fire and smoke spread protection.
121
What are structural members isolated?
To protect them from the effects of fire and prevent structural collapse (Compartmentation).
122
Why are the sizes of concealed areas above ceilings, in attics, in pipe chases, and under floors are limited?
To prevent the spread of fire, since a fire in these parts of a building would be especially difficult to extinguish. Fire stops in stud spaces between the first and second floors of a house are one important element of this kind of small-scale compartmentation.
123
Why is smoke control one of the most important aspects of fire protection?
Because more deaths and injuries occur in fire due to smoke inhalation and other gases, rather than due to flame and heat exposure. Smoke is particularly troublesome because it moves rapidly through a building.
124
How does smoke move through a building?
Smoke moves by the natural convection forces caused by differential air pressure between cool and warm air. In multi-story buildings, the stack effect also pulls smoke through any vertical penetration such as stairways, elevator shafts, mechanical shafts, and atriums. Smoke spread is exacerbated by HVAC systems that can potentially distribute smoke a great distance from the original source.
125
What are the elements of smoke control?
(1) Containment (2) Exhaust (3) Dilution
126
The same compartmentation used to contain fire is used to contain _____.
Smoke
127
What devices are used to contain smoke?
Fire dampers, gaskets on fire doors, and automatic closing fire doors seal openings in fire walls.
128
Containing smoke to one area of the building allows places of ______ to be established.
Refuge
129
Containment alone is not enough when it comes to smoke; this si why mechanical systems for high-rise buildings and other structures are designed to . . .
exhaust smoke from a structure.
130
Who is responsible for designing the basic elements of a smoke control system?
Architect and Mechanical Engineer
131
Although the mechanical engineer is responsible for specifying and locating the fire dectection and alarm devices, the interior designer . . .
must understand the types of detectors and the coordination of their locations on the RCP within the parameters of life safety and building codes.
132
What are the (4) basic types of fire detection devices?
Ionizstion, Photoelectric, Rise-of-Temperature, and Flame Detectors
133
Fire detection device which responds to products of combustion-ionized particles rather than to smoke. These are NOT APPROPRIATE where fires may produce a lot of smoke but few particles. Because they can detect particles from a smoldering fire before the fire bursts into flames, these devices are considered EARLY WARNING detectors.
Ionization Detector
134
Fire detection device which responds to the presence of heat and can be set to trip an alarm when a particular temperature is reached in the room.
Rise-of-Temperature Detectors
The major DISADVANTAGE is that flames must usually be present before the alarm temperature is reached.Rise-of-Temperature Detectors
135
Fire detection device which responds to smoke, which obscures a light beam in the device. These are useful where potential fires may produce a great deal of SMOKE before bursting into flames.
Photoelectric Detectors
136
Fire detection device which responds to infrared or ultraviolet radiation given off by flames. However, they DO NOT give an early warning of smoldering fires.
Flame Detectors
137
In many buildings, a combination of ___ _______ devices must be used depending on the particular type of space in which the devices are placed.
Fire Detection
138
The building code states the required types and locations of ____ ________.
Fire Detectors
139
Where are fire detectors required?
Near fire doors, in exit corridors, in individual hotel rooms, in bedrooms, and in places of public assembly. They are also often required in main-supply and return-air ducts. Code also requires them in other spaces based on a given area coverage.
140
When activated, fire detectors can . . .
be wired to trigger a general audible alarm as well as a visual alarm, and can activate a central monitoring station or a municipal fire station. In large buildings with a central station, the detection of a fire also activates fire dampers, exhaust systems, the closing of fire doors, and other preventive measures as the alarm is being signaled to fire officials.
141
What is the most common type of suppression system?
Sprinklers
142
IBC requires sprinklers in buildings over ____ ft high.
75 feet
143
What are the different types of sprinkler heads available?
Recessed, upright, pendent, and sidewall.
144
Have a smooth cover that is flush with the ceiling. When there is a fire, the covers fall away and the sprinkler head lowers and activates.
Recessed Sprinkler Heads
145
Use with exposed plumbing and high, unfinished ceilings.
Upright Sprinkler Heads
146
The traditional type of sprinkler heads for finished ceilings, but their heads extend a few inches below the ceiling.
Pendent Sprinkler Heads
147
Used for corridors and small rooms when one row of sprinklers with provide adequate coverage for narrow spaces. Horizontal sidewall sprinklers can also be plumbed from the walls instead of from the ceiling, which MAKES THEM GOOD FOR REMODELING WORK.
Sidewall Sprinkler Heads
148
What must the interior designer know about sprinkler systems?
The designer should recognize that the required locations of sprinkler heads must be coordinated with other ceiling-mounted items. In addition, sprinkler pipes above the ceiling require additional space that may interfere with recessed lighting and other ceiling construction.
149
Most codes refer to ______ for the design and installation of sprinkler systems.
NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems
150
This standard classifies the relative fire hazard of buildings into three groups: Light, Ordinary, and Extra Hazard. The hazard classification determines the required spacing of sprinkler heads and other regulations.
NFPA 13
151
Includes occupancies such as residences, offices, hospitals, schools, and restaurants. There must be ONE sprinkler for each 200 sf or 225 sf if the design of the system is hydraulically calculated. For open-wood joist ceilings, the area drops to 130 sf. Maximum spacing between sprinkler heads is 15' for the 225 sf coverage requirements, with the maximum distance from a wall being ONE HALF the required spacing
Light Hazard
152
Pipes that run the height of a building and provide water outlets at each floor to which fire fighting hoses can be connected. They are located within the stairway, or, in the case of pressurized enclosures, within the vestibule. THEY CANNOT BE COVERED OR MODIFIED
Standpipes
153
Helpful for stopping small fires in the early stages of development. There are four general classifications of extinguishers: A, B, C, and D, which correspond with the four types of fires. The corresponding fire extinguisher must be used on each type of fire.
Portable Fire Extinguishers
154
Involve flammable liquids such as gasoline, solvents and paints.
Fire Type B
B extinguishers contain smothering types of chemicals like carbon dioxide, foam, and halogenated agents
155
Involves ordinary combustibles of paper, wood, and cloth. Fire extinguishers for these fires contain water or water-based agents.
Fire Type A
156
Involve electrical equipment, and the corresponding extinguisher contains nonconductive agents.
Fire Type C
157
Involve combustible metals.
Fire Type D
158
Used where water might damage the contents of the room, like a computer installation.
Halogenated Agents (Halons)
Halon is a gas that chemically inhibits the spread of fire. However, Halon is a CFC gas that can damage the ozone layer, so alternate extinguishing agents will be used in the future.
159
Various types of _____ can be used to smother fires. It is commonly used where flammable liquid fires might occur, for example, in industrial plants or aircraft hangars.
Foams
160
Combination fire extinguishers are available for . . .
Types A, B, & C fires.
161
Building materials that passively reacts to a fire and respond to fire by expanding rapidly, insulating the surfaces they protect or filling in the gaps to prevent the passage of fire, heat and smoke. They are available in the form of strips, caulk, paints and spreadable putty. A strip of intumescent material placed along the edge of one of a pair of fire doors will expand and seal the crack, substituting for an astragal that would otherwise be required. Intumescent paints can be applied to protect normally flammable wood.
Intumescent Materials
162
What are ways of preventing entry, detecting intruders, controlling access to secure areas, and notification in the event of unauthorized entry or other emergencies?
Physical barriers along with mechanical and electrical security systems.
163
What are the three types of security derived from intrusion detection devices?
Perimeter protection, area or room protection, and object protection.
164
Secures the entry points to a space or building. Devices in this category include doors, windows and skylights, and can also include ducts, tunnels, and other service entrances. Common types include: Magnetic contacts, glass break detectors, window screens, and photoelectronic cells.
Perimeter Protection
165
These are used on doors and windows to either sound an alarm when the contact is broken or send a signal to a central monitoring and control station. These can be surface mounted, recessed into the door and frame, or concealed in special hinges. The hinges may only be available in special sizes and finishes, so other hardware must be coordinated with them.
Magnetic Contacts
166
These sense when a window has been broken or cut, either by using metallic foil or with a small vibration detector mounted on the glass.
Glass Break Detectors
167
These screens have fine wires embedded in them that can be used to set off an alarm when they are cut or broken.
Window Screens
168
These cells detect when the beam has been broken, either by a door opening or by someone passing through an opening. These can be surface mounted but are more secure and look better if provisions are made to recess then in the partition or other construction.
Photoelectric Cells
169
Detect when someone is in a room or an area within the field of coverage. These devices have the advantage of warning of unauthorized entry when perimeter sensors have not been activated. These include: Photoelectric beams, infrared detectors, audio detectors, pressure sensors, ultrasonic detectors, and microwave detectors.
Area or Room Protection Devices
170
These beams warn of intrusion by sending a pulsed infrared beam across a space. If the beam is broken, the device sounds an alarm or sends a signal to a monitoring station. Photoelectric beams can be focused in both large and small areas. The equipments is small and usually can be recessed or concealed.
Photoelectric Beams
171
These detectors sense sources of infrared radiation, such as the human body, compared with the normal room radiation. They are unobstrusive but must have a clear field of view of the area they are protecting.
Infrared Detectors
172
These detectors listen for unusual sounds in a space at levels above what is normally encountered. When that level is exceeded, an alarm is sounded. Microphones can be also used to continuously monitor all sounds in a space through a speaker at a central monitoring station.
Audio Detectors
173
These sensors detect weight on a floor or on other surfaces. Sensor mats can be separate fixtures laid over the existing floor finish or placed under carpet or other building materials.
Pressure Sensors
174
These detectors emit a very high frequency sound wave. When an intruder interrupts this wave, an alarm signal is activated. The range of ultrasonic detectors is limited to a space about 12' high and 20' x 30" in area.
Ultrasonic Detectors
175
These detectors emit a field of microwave radiation and sense interruptions in that field. Their use is limited in interior construction, however, because the microwave radiation can penetrate most building materials and can be reflected by metal.
Microwave Detectors
176
What is object protection used for?
To sense movement or tampering with individual objects, such as safes, artwork, file cabinets, or other equipment.
177
Capacitance Proximity Detectors
Detect when metal objects are touched.
178
Vibration Detectors
Sense a disturbance of the object.
179
Infrared Motion Detectors
Determine if the space around an object is violated.
180
Electronic Surveillance
The interception of sound and electromagnetic signals with remote sensing devices.
181
How can protection from things such as unwanted exterior survellance?
Special rooms are required that have electromagnetic or radio frequency shielding.
182
What is the baic principle behind electronic shielding?
Building a "cage" of continuously conductive material that catches signals and conducts them to the ground. In addition to the "cage", filters must be provided for electrical, telephone and computer cabling where they penetrate the shielding membrane.
183
How is the rating of protection of electronic shielding measured?
Decibels (dB) of Attenuation
184
For most corporate needs, an electronic shielding with an attenuation of ___ dB stops more than 99.9% of the electronic signals coming from office computers and other sources.
60 dB
185
What materials can be used for electronic shielding for most corporate needs?
Copper foil (difficult to install and requires soldered connections), Nonwoven fabric covered with an electronically conductive metallic coating. Both are placed behind the finished wall surface so it is not obtrusive. Metallic shielding paint is also available. For windows, fine metal screens can be used, but special shielded glass that looks like normal glass is available. Doors designed for radio frequency or electromagnetic shielding are also required.
186
A _______ expert should be consulted for specific product specifications and detailing requirements when detailing rooms protected from electronic surveillance.
Security
187
What security components do most lock manufacturers provide?
Security strikes, cover plates, cylinder guards, and other devices to make it more difficult to open a locked door.
188
__________ locks control access better than keys, but they also can monitor who enters and exits doors and can record the date and time of the access.
Electronic
189
A plastic card containing a coded magnetic strip is used to unlock the door when a valid card is passed through the reader. Card readers can be connected to a central monitoring computer that keeps a log of which person's card was used to open which door and when that door was opened. The computer can be programmed to only allow certain cards to operate certain doors.
Card Readers
190
Card reader that can be completely concealed behind a wall to prevent tampering and minimize the visual impact of the reader. The card is simply placed near the reader.
Proximity Readers
191
Operate in the same way as card readers, unlocking the door when the user enters a numerical code. Numbered keyboards DO NOT provide the same flexibility as magnetic cards. They can be purchased integrated with a knob or level handle. These are not connected to a central station, but they do eliminate the problem with key control of standard locksets.
Numbered Keyboards
192
Variation of the magnetic card reader, used by many hotels. They key code can be changed each time a new person checks into a room; therefore previous occupants cannot reuse or copy the key.
Punched Card Access System
193
Devices that can read individual biological features, such as the retina of the eye or a hand print. This is a COUNTERFEIT-PROOF method of identification. These are expensive but they are feasible when a very high level of security is required. s
Biometric Device
194
Lock that retracts the bolt when activated from the secure side of the door. Unlatching from the inside is done by a button or switch or by mechanical retraction of the bolt with the level handle. These locks require an electric hinge or other power-transfer device to carry the low-voltage wiring from the control device to the door and then to the lock.
Electric Lock
195
These replace the standard door strike and consist of a movable mechaniam that is mortised into the frame. The latch bolt is fixed from the secure side of the door. Upon activation, the electronic strike retracts, allowing the door to be opened. On the inside, the latch bolt can be retracted by mechanical means with the level handle.
Electric Strikes
196
Available that drop into a mortised fitting in the top or side of a door. Upon activation, the bolt retract, allowing normal operation of the door. A fail-safe feature retracts the bolt if there is a power failure or upon activation of a fire alarm. They are limited to use on non-exit doors because most building codes now require electronically controlled exit doors to be operable from the inside purely by mechanical means.
Electric Bolts
197
When activated, the lock holds the door closed with a powerful magnetic force. Card readers, keypads, buttons, or other devices deactivate the electromagnet. These can be designed to open upon activation of a fire alarm or in case of a power failure.
Electromagnetic Locks
198
Who is responsible for designing and installing security systems and providing the power these systems need to operate?
Equipment vendors, electrical engineering consultant, and contractor
199
Who coordinates the work of the electrical engineering consultant, the equipment vendor, the security consultant, and contractor?
The interior designer must coordinate the efforts of these team members so that their work fits within the overall interior design and construction of the project. This often involves making sure necessary information is transmitted between the members of the team and that all required data and details are shown on the final set of drawings. It also requires that the interior designer design and detail portions of the construction to accomodate the security equipment.
200
Lighting for surveillance and deterrence should be compatible with . . .
the general ambient lighting whenever possible.
201
What does the Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) vendor need to know?
What type of lighting will be used to select the best type of camera tube. That, or the electrical engineer may need to provide a particular type of lighting for specific types of cameras.
202
What must the interior designer provide adequate space and supports for?
Video cameras, monitors, access devices, and control equipment. The electrical engineer needs to design power supplies to these devices as well.
203
How should speakers be coordinated?
Speakers should be coordinated with the other elements of the designer's RCP or partitioning detailing.
204
On what plan must conduit be shown?
Electrical Consultant's drawings, to accomodate signal system wiring for CCTV, remote-controlled locks, and other security equipment.
205
What must be accounted for with power transfers for doors?
They should be specified to meet the necessary level of security and should be concealed whenever possible.
206
Vertical Transportation
Includes stairs, elevators, and escalators, but the NCIDQ exam only covers stairways.
207
The design of stairs is usually the responsibility of . . .
the architect, although the interior designer may need to design them at times.
208
What must the designer be concerned with for an elevator installation or remodel?
Interior finishes of the cab, elevator entrances, and the signal system of call buttons and up/down lanterns.
209
The portion of egress achieving a change in elevation by means of a single riser.
Step
210
A change in elevation having two or more risers.
Stairway
211
A series of two or more risers between one floor or landing and the next.
Flight
212
The flat portion immediately adjacent to either the bottom or top of a flight of stairs. A landing MUST BE AS WIDE as the stairway serves.
Landing
213
The IBC defines a stair as . . .
one or more risers. (It does NOT define "step")
214
A single step required . . .
handrails on both sides.
215
What is the first decision that must be made when designing a stair?
Basic configuration - how the steps are arranged to get from one level to the next.
216
What are the most common configurations of stairways?
Straight runs, either in a single line, L-shape, or U-shape.
217
What does the exact layout of a stair depend on?
The space available, where people have to start on one floor and end on the other, the floor-to-floor distance, aesthetic concerns, and code requirements.
218
What are the three special types of stairways?
Winding stairways, curved stairways, and spiral.
219
Have tapered treads that are wider at one end than the other.
Winding Stairways
220
Have sides whose shape is a curve, most commonly a circular arc. The inside, or smaller arc, cannot be less than twice the required width of the stair. If it is, it is considered a winding stairway.
Curved Stairways (previously called circular stairways)
221
Use wedge-shaped treads that radiate from a center support column.
Spiral Stairways
222
When can winding, curved, and spiral stairs be used as exit stairs?
In private homes and in private stairways of apartments, condos and othe like, and only if they meet the specific requirements in the IBC. The IBC only allow these stairs if they are NOT a required stair.
223
What is the second decision the interior designer msut make when designing a stair?
The height of the riser and the length of the tread.
224
What are riser and tread dimensions based on?
The normal adult stride.
225
As the riser gets ______, the tread ________ to maintain a certain relationship.
lower; increases
226
Why must the height of the riser be determined first?
So each riser between the floor is identical within minimum and maximum code limitations.
227
What is the formula for determining the appropriate tread dimension?
2R + T = 25 in
228
For most stairs a ___ in riser and an ___ in tread is a good combination and satisfies the IBC.
7", 11"
229
The IBC limits risers to ___ in in most stairways, and ____ in residential stairways.
7", 7.75"
230
If the riser height must be modified to equalize the stairs between a fixed floor height, a dimension should be between ___ in and ___ in.
6" and 7"
231
The nosing normally extends about ____ in from the back of the tread.
1 inch
232
Typically used for residential construction and can be constructed in an almost unlimited number of styles and details.
Wood Stairs
233
Cut out of 2" by 12" members to form the supports for the treads and risers.
Wood Carriages
234
If carpeting is used on wood stairs, the treads and risers are finished with _______ or ________.
Plywood or Particleboard
235
If exposed hardwood is used on stairs, either the treads can be finished with _____ _____ with rounded nosings or ____ ______ can be applied over an underlayment of particleboard.
Prebuilt Treads; Strip Flooring
236
_____ stairs are typically used for commercial construction.
Metal
237
A common method of building steel stairs uses ______ steel risers and treads welded to a supporting framework of steel channels and angles.
Preformed
238
For utility stairs, the _____ are normally steel channels with the flanges of the channel on each side pointing away from the stairs.
Stringers
239
Landings of metal stairs are constructed of . . .
steel plate supported on channels and stiffening angles.
240
The treads and landings of metal stairs are filled with . . .
1-1/2" to 2" of concrete. Any finish material used is applied over this supporting framework.
241
If the underside of metal stairs needs to be finished . . .
metal studs may be attached to the steel framework and covered with GWB or other material.
242
A unit or device that radiates heat from water to the surrounding air, usually through closely spaced fins. Convectors are typically placed against a wall under a window.
Convector
243
A device placed in a duct that is designed to automatically close when subjected to a certain increase in temperature or with the detection of smoke.
Fire Damper
