Ch 2 Research Methods, exam 1 Flashcards
(44 cards)
Variable
person, place, or thing that can change over time or from one situation to another
Independent variable (IV)
made to systematically vary across the different conditions in the experiment via manipulation
Dependent Variable (DV)
measured in an experiment; allowed to vary freely to see if it is affected by changes in the IV
Functional Relationship
relationship between changes in IV and DV
Stimulus-
any event that can potentially influence behavior
what are the two types of stimulus?
Appetitive stimulus and aversive stimulus
Appetitive stimulus
event that an organism will seek out (ex. food)
Aversive stimulus
event that an organism will avoid (ex. electric shock)
Overt behavior
can be observed by another individual
covert behavior
can be perceived only by the person performing the behavior
Motivating Operations
anything affecting the appositeness or aversiveness of an event
Establishing operations
increases the appetitiveness or aversiveness of an event
Abolishing operations
decreases the appetitiveness or aversiveness of an event
What are the 2 types of contiguity?
Temporal and Spatial contiguity
Temporal contiguity-
events occur close together in time
Spatial contiguity-
events are situated close to each other in space
Contingency
- predictive/functional relationship between 2 events
- occurrence of one event predicts another probable occurrence
How do we measure behavior?
- define it!
- Record it:
- rate
- intensity
- speed
- Latency
Rate of response
frequency response occurs in a certain period of time (ex. cumulative recorder)
Intensity
magnitude of the behavior (ex. amount of saliva n Pavlov’s dogs)
Speed
length of time it takes for behavior start and finish (ex. rates in a maze)
Latency
time required for a behavior to begin (ex. how soon until you start studying for an exam)
Interval recording
measurement of whether or not a behavior occurs during each interval within a series of continuous intervals (ex. classroom video)
Time-sampling recording
whether or not a behavior occurs during each interval within a series of discontinuous intervals (ex. observer comes in for 10-minite intervals a the start of each half hour)